Sustainable Diets
editA sustainable diet is defined by one that promotes food sustainability and ecological well-being.
Sustainable diets are eating patterns that look at the impact that food consumption has on planetary resources and health of humans and promote the needs of the environment, society, and the economy. This growing body of research is recognized by a variety of international bodies such as the United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
A growing population and an increase in income is shifting global demands to what is known as the global diet. It demands a diet high in animal protein, oils, salts and processed foods.[1]
Additional research and methods that will help address issues such as agriculture production methods, food waste, environmental problems like declination of biodiversity and global warming, are necessary for promoting sustainable diets. As well as to determine whether or not there should be concern on plant vs. animal diets and their impact on health.
Types of Modern Sustainable Diets
editSome so-called "sustainable" diets mostly concentrate on issues to do with Low Carbon Diets which are structured to reduce the impact of global warming (e.g., Bon Appétit Management Company's, Eat Low Carbon Diet[2].
Others also focus on broader environmental factors, as well as social and economic challenges [3](e.g., WWF's LiveWell for LIFE, and the Barilla Group's "Centre for Food Nutrition" model).
Other regionalised diets include the Mediterranean diet which was used as a basis in research published in 2014 to outline an approach to develop metrics and guidelines to measure the sustainability of diets in a way that useful to inform stakeholders, measure change and aid decision-making processes at regional and national scales.
The Nordic diet is also considered sustainable as it places a heavy emphasis on local foods. Professor Henrik Saxe of the OPUS Centre at the University of Copenhagen claims that GHG produced could be 27-percent lower in these emission in comparison with the average Danish diet.[citation needed]
Animal Agriculture for Food Security, GHG Emissions and Health
editFood Security
editThere is research [4] that states the importance of the role of animal agriculture to ensure Food security. It is the ability for people to have access to nutrient dense and safe food and can be achieved through animal agriculture given that it is a high quality and micronutrient rich source of food that supports a balanced diet.
Greenhouse Gas Emission and Animal Agriculture Policies
editThe farming of animals comes with the benefit of improving soil conditions and the biodiversity of arable land[4]. There is additional research in the field that reports that both high and low numbers of carbon emission is attributed to animal agriculture. Livestock is one of the major contributors to Greenhouse gas emissions. A solution to this issue is setting policies that target livestock practices from the supply side in order to address GHG while taking into consideration social and economic costs. It has been suggested that a more efficient livestock production system can lead to a decrease of emissions of 736 million metrics tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year by 2030[5].
Zoonotic diseases
editZoonotic diseases, ones that are found in animals and transmitted to people, are a concern, specifically, for those that question animal agriculture. It was found that intensification of livestock production is related to an increase in disease transmission from animals like pigs and poultry due to a high density of these animal populations with low genetic diversity.[6]
Adding section: Plant vs. Animal Diets
editA lower consumption of animal-sourced foods is argued to bring positive benefits to the health of people and the environment.[7] Dietary shifts studied[8] are based on reductions of animal foods and an increase of plant-based foods and they show an increase in health in people adopting them.
Global Dietary Shifts
editAs income increases the intake of calories from processed foods and the demand for animal protein increases. Demand for legumes, fruits and vegetables and plant protein decreases as income increases.
Impact on Environment
editDiets that use the most land are the highest contributors to GHG emissions per capita and globally per year. One such diet from the Tilman and Clark study is the Income-dependent 2050 diet since it is a higher consumption of ruminant animals.
A vegetarian diet, relative to the income-dependent diets, is the highest contributor to cropland reduction compared to a pescetarian or mediterranean diet. It is also the smallest contributor to GHG emissions when compared to any other diet.
Common Alternative Diets
edit- ^ Johnston, Jessica L (2014). [http:// advances.nutrition.org/content/5/4/418.full.pdf html "Understanding Sustainable Diets: A Descriptive Analysis of the Determinants and Processes That Influence Diets and Their Impact on Health, Food Security, and Environmental Sustainability"]. Advances in Nutrition, an International Review Journal. 5 (4): 418–429. doi:10.3945/an.113.005553. PMC 4085190. PMID 25022991.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ "Low Carbon Diet".
- ^ "Live Well for Life".
- ^ a b Reynolds, Lawrence P. (2015). "Importance of Animals in Agricultural, Sustainability and Food Security". The Journal of Nutrition. 145 (7): 1377–1379. doi:10.3945/jn.115.212217. PMC 6625004. PMID 25972529.
- ^ Havlik, Petr (2014). content/111/10/3709.long "Climate Change Mitigation Through Livestock System Transitions".
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Jones, Bryony (2012). "Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change". Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
- ^ Springmann, Marco (2016). "Analysis and Valuation of the Health and Climate Change Cobenefits of Dietary Change". Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (15): 4146–4151. doi:10.1073/pnas.1523119113. PMC 4839446. PMID 27001851.
- ^ Tilman and Clark, David and Michael (2014). "Global Diets Link Environmental Sustainability and Human Health". Nature International Weekly Journal of Science. 515 (7528): 518–522. doi:10.1038/nature13959. PMID 25383533. S2CID 4453972.