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editAmpedus is a genus of click beetles in the family Elateridae. There are currently 461 recognized species of Ampedus beetles.[1] It has a cosmopolitan distribution, but is found mostly in the Holarctic region, primarily in North America, Europe, and Asia.[2] The oldest known fossil from this genus was found in Eocene Baltic amber, estimated to be from 38.0–33.9 million years ago.[3]
| Awp74/Ampedus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ampedus areolatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Elateridae |
| Subfamily: | Elaterinae |
| Tribe: | Ampedini |
| Genus: | Ampedus Dejean, 1833 |
Life Cycle
editAmpedus larvae burrow in rotting wood, pupating in mid-summer. The larvae feed on wood, and are also observed to be cannibalistic on other saproxylic larvae. They emerge as adults a few weeks later, but remain in the pupal cell through the following winter. Adult Ampedus beetles are thought to be diurnal. As adults, they are pollen-feeders, found in large numbers on flowers and vegetation. Ampedus females attract males for mating through chemical communication, using specialized pheromone glands[4], and lay their eggs in fallen wood to develop. Life cycle duration has been estimated to range from less than one year for smaller species, to up to 4-5 years for larger ones.[5]
Description
editNorth American species of Ampedus beetles vary in size from 3-4mm, up to 13-14mm. Their coloration is variable, even within species, but they are often bicolored. They can be identified by their complete, downturned, rounded frontal carina, and excavated prosternal sutures. Like the larvae of other Elaterids (wireworms), Ampedus larvae are elongate, hard, and subcyclindrical. The ninth abdominal segment, which varies in shape between elaterid larvae, is rounded in this genus, ending in a sharp point. Ampedus larvae have pointed nasales, featuring a single tooth.[5]
Taxonomy
editThe genus was originally named by the French entomologist Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean in 1833, previously Elater[6]. One taxonomic study of the genera within the tribe Ampedini, which used nuclear and mitochondrial data, found monophyly of Ampedus to be highly supported.[2] Another molecular study using DNA barcoding data found Ampedus to be paraphyletic, with the family Reitterelator nested within it.[7] Megapenthes is the most closely related North American genus to Ampedus.[5]
Conservation Status
editAccording to the IUCN Red List, multiple species of European Ampedus beetles are considered endangered, mostly due to the threats posed by logging and wood harvesting to saproxylic beetles.[8]
References
edit- ^ Sarkar, Subhankar Kumar; Saha, Sumana; Raychaudhuri, Dinendra (2016). "A new Ampedus Dejean (Elateridae: Elaterinae) from Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India". Species. 17 (54): 1–5.
- ^ a b Vuataz, Laurent; Sanchez, Andreas; Wyler, Sofia; Blanc, Mickaël; Chittaro, Yannick (2019). "Diversity and relationships of Ampedini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera : Elateridae) in Switzerland and Europe". Invertebrate Systematics. doi:10.1071/IS18055. ISSN 1445-5226.
- ^ Kundrata, Robin; Packova, Gabriela; Hoffmannova, Johana (2020-06-26). "Fossil Genera in Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera): A Triassic Origin and Jurassic Diversification". Insects. 11 (6): 394. doi:10.3390/insects11060394. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 7348820. PMID 32604761.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Orlov, V. N. (2014). "Chemical communication of Ampedus sanguinolentus (Coleoptera, Elateridae): morphological and behavioral observations". IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 2014 Vol.99: 225–229.
- ^ a b c Ramberg, Frank Baker. 1979. A Revision of the Species of the Genus Ampedus (Coleoptera, Elateridae) of America North of Mexico. Doctoral Thesis. Cornell University
- ^ Bousquet, Yves; Bouchard, Patrice (2013-04-02). "The genera in the second catalogue (1833–1836) of Dejean's Coleoptera collection". ZooKeys. 282: 1–219. doi:10.3897/zookeys.282.4401. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3677338. PMID 23794836.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Oba, Yuichi; Ôhira, Hitoo; Murase, Yukio; Moriyama, Akihiko; Kumazawa, Yoshinori (2015-01-30). Mans, Ben J (ed.). "DNA Barcoding of Japanese Click Beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae)". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e0116612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116612. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4312051. PMID 25636000.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Nieto, Ana; Alexander, Keith N.A. (2010). "The status and conservation of saproxylic beetles in Europe". Cuadernos de biodiversidad (33): 3–10. doi:10.14198/cdbio.2010.33.01. ISSN 1575-5495.