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The study of height and intelligence is the analysis of how variations in height affect human intelligence. Some epidemiological research on the subject has shown that there is a small but statistically significant positive correlation between height and intelligence after controlling for socioeconomic class and parental education.[1] This correlation arises in both the developed and developing world and persists across age groups. There is no scientific consensus on why this correlation arises but one possible explanation is that height may act as a biomarker for nutritional status and health during intellectual development. One such theory argues that since height strongly correlates with white and gray matter volume, it may act as a biomarker for cerebral development which itself mediates intelligence.[2] Competing explanations include that certain genetic factors may influence both height and intelligence[3], or that both height and intelligence may be affected in similar ways by adverse environmental exposures during development. Other explanations further qualify the positive correlation between height and intelligence, suggesting that because the correlation becomes weaker with higher socioeconomic class and education level, environmental factors could partially supercede any genetic factors affecting both characteristics.[4]

Correlation

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Studies of developing adolescents [5][6][7][8][9] and young adults[10][11] indicate a very small positive correlation between human IQ and height within national populations. The association is supported by studies linking height at eighteen with subsequent scholarly performance.[12]

Correlation coefficients in developing children are typically about 0.2. [13][14] A large study conducted on Norwegian soldiers the correlation between height and general ability was.[15] The effect appears to hold into the extremes of stature,[16] but may decrease with age.[17]

The correlation between the two factors is weak, although statistically significant. Consequently, these studies do not imply that variations in stature have a direct effect on cognitive ability. However, similar strength correlations have been found in early and late childhood in both developed and developing countries, even after controlling for social class and parental education. In adults, changes in environment and social status reduce the strength of this correlation.[17]

A study in 2006 by Anne Case and Christina Paxson [18] attracted media attention.[19][20]

Explanations of the correlation

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Further information: Impact of health on intelligence and Heritability of IQ

The reasons for the association between height and intelligence remain unclear, but possible explanations include that height may be a marker of nutritional status, prenatal maternal stress, or general mental and physical health during development.

It has been suggested that the large increases in average height, assumed to be due to improved nutrition, have been accompanied by an increase in brain size which may be one explanation for the Flynn effect.[21]

Studies have shown, however, that common genetic factors influence variation in both height and intelligence, and are responsible for some of the effect,[22] or that both height and intelligence may be affected by adverse early environmental exposures. Two large recent twin pair studies of the height-intelligence relationship showed that both shared environment (59% in both studies) and shared genetics (35% in one study and 31% in the other) are responsible for significant portions of the observed correlation between intelligence and height.[11][15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pearce, Mark S., Ian J. Dreary, Allan H. Young, and Louise Parker. "Growth in Early Life and Childhood IQ at Age 11 Years: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study." International Journal of Epidemiology 34.3 (2005): 673-77. Oxford Journals. Oxford Journals, 3 Mar. 2005. Web. Retrieved 9 Nov. 2016.
  2. ^ Taki, Yasuyuki, Hiroshi Hashizume, Yuko Sassa, Hikaru Takeuchi, Michiko Asano, Kohei Asano, Yuka Kotozaki, Rui Nouchi, Kai Wu, Hiroshi Fukuda, and Ryuta Kawashima. "Correlation Among Body Height, Intelligence, and Brain Gray Matter Volume in Healthy Children." NeuroImage 59.2 (2012): 1023-027. Science Direct. Elsevier B.V. Web. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2016.
  3. ^ Silventoinen, K., D. Posthuma, T. Van Beijsterveldt, M. Bartels, and D. I. Boomsma. "Genetic Contributions to the Association between Height and Intelligence: Evidence from Dutch Twin Data from Childhood to Middle Age." Genes, Brain and Behavior 5.8 (2006): 585-95. Nov. 2006. Web. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2016.
  4. ^ Teasdale, T. W., T. I. Sorensen, and D. R. Owen. "Fall in Association of Height with Intelligence and Educational Level." BMJ 298.6683 (1989): 1292-293. PubMed Central. NCBI. Web. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2016.
  5. ^ Wilson DM, Hammer LD, Duncan PM, et al. (1986). "Growth and intellectual development". Pediatrics. 78 (4): 646–50. PMID 3763275.
  6. ^ Walker SP, Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CA, Chang SM. Effects of growth restriction in early childhood on growth, IQ, and cognition at age 11 to 12 years and the benefits of nutritional supplementation and psychosocial stimulation. J Pediatr 2000; 137:36–41. Abstract
  7. ^ Tanner JM. Relation of body size, intelligence test scores and social circumstances. In: Mussen PH, Largen J, Covington M (eds). Trends and Issues in Developmental Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston Inc., 1969.
  8. ^ Pearce MS, Deary IJ, Young AH, Parker L. "Growth in early life and childhood IQ at age 11 years: the Newcastle Thousand Families Study." Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:673–77.Article
  9. ^ Humphreys L. G.; Davey T. C.; Park R. K. (1985). "Longitudinal correlation analysis of standing height and intelligence". Child Development. 56 (6): 1465–1478. doi:10.2307/1130466. JSTOR 1130466. PMID 4075869.
  10. ^ Tuvemo T.; Jonsson B.; Persson I. (1999). "Intellectual and physical performance and morbidity in relation to height in a cohort of 18-year-old Swedish conscripts". Hormone Research. 52 (4): 186–191. doi:10.1159/000023459. PMID 10725784.
  11. ^ a b Beauchamp J. P.; Cesarini D.; Johannesson M.; Lindqvist E.; Apicella C. (2011). "On the sources of the height–intelligence correlation: New insights from a bivariate ACE model with assortative mating". Behavior Genetics. 41 (2): 242–252. doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9376-7. PMC 3044837. PMID 20603722.
  12. ^ [1] Patrik Magnusson, Finn Rasmussen et Ulf Gyllensten, International Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
  13. ^ Humphreys, L. G., Davey, T. C., & Park, R. K. (December 1985). "Longitudinal correlation analysis of standing height and intelligence". Child Development. 56 (6): 1465–1478. doi:10.2307/1130466. JSTOR 1130466. PMID 4075869.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Donald B. Egolf; Lloyd E. Corder (March 1991). "Height differences of low and high job status, female and male corporate employees". Sex Differences. 5–6 (5–6): 365–373. doi:10.1007/BF00288309.
  15. ^ a b Sundet JM, Tambs K, Harris JR, Magnus P, Torjussen TM. Resolving the genetic and environmental sources of the correlation between height and intelligence: a study of nearly 2600 Norwegian male twin pairs. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2005 Aug;8(4):307-11
  16. ^ Teasdale, TW; Owen DR; Sørensen TI (February 1991). "Intelligence and educational level in adult males at the extremes of stature". Hum Biol. 63 (1). Wayne State University Press: 19–30.
  17. ^ a b Teasdale T. W.; Srensen T. I. A.; Owen D. R. (1989). "Fall in association of height with intelligence and educational level". British Medical Journal. 298 (6683): 1292–1293. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6683.1292. PMC 1836522. PMID 2500201.
  18. ^ Anne Case and Christina Paxson : Stature and Status: Height, Ability and Labor Market OutcomesArticle
  19. ^ [2] Success Is Relative, and Height Isn’t Everything, by Stephen S. Hall, New York times, November 28, 2006
  20. ^ [3] or [4]Taller People Are Smarter, Reuters, August 25, 2006
  21. ^ Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard, T. J. , J.; Boykin, A. W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S. J.; Halpern, D. F.; Loehlin, J. C.; Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R. J.; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns". American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Silventoinen K.; Posthuma D.; van Beijsterveldt T.; Bartels M.; Boomsma D.I. (2006). "Genetic contributions to the association between height and intelligence: evidence from Dutch twin data from childhood to middle age". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 8: 585–595.


[[Category:Factors related to intelligence]] [[Category:Human height|Intelligence]]

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