13th century BC
edit- Vedic period (1200–1000 BC) roughly – The Rigveda (RV 1 and RV 10) mentions a female warrior named Vishpala, who lost a leg in battle, had an iron prosthesis made, and returned to warfare.[1]
4th century BC
edit- 320s BC – Cleophis surrendered to Alexander the Great after he laid siege her city.[2][3]
11th century
edit12th century
edit- Late 12th-century: Umadevi, consort of King Veera Ballala II, commanded Mysore armies against the rival Chalukyas on at least two occasions,[5] allowing Bellala to concentrate on administrative matters and thus significantly contributing to the Hoysalas' conquest[6] of the Chalkyua at Kalyani (near present-day Bidar).
16th century
edit- 1530–1599: Abbakka, a ruler of Tulu Nadu in India fights the Portuguese army.[citation needed]
- 1546: Isabel Madeira, Isabel Fernandes, Catarina Lopes and Isabel Dias serve in the defense of the city walls during the siege of Diu in Portuguese India.[7]
- 1564: Indian queen Rani Durgawati leads her forces against the Mughal army, but is defeated.[citation needed]
- 1595: Indian Queen Chand Bibi fights the Mughals.[8]
17th century
edit- 17th century: Belawadi Mallamma is the first woman to form a women's army to fight against the British and the Marathas[9] in the 17th century.[10]
- 17th century: Sikh woman Bibi Dalair Kaur fights the Mughals by rallying 100 Sikh women against them. She is killed, and Sikhs consider her to be a martyr.[citation needed]
- 1677-1689: Reign of Keladi Chennamma. During her reign of 12 years, she repelled the advances of the Mughal Army led by the infamous Aurangzeb from her military base in the kingdom of Keladi located in Sagara, Karnataka India.[11]
- 1680s: Queen Keladi Chennamma of the Keladi kingdom of India participates in warfare, and achieves renown for her bravery.[12]
18th century
edit- 1700-1709 : Tarabai, a queen of the Maratha empire in India, leads a war against invading Mughals.[13]
- 1704: Mai Bhago leads Sikh soldiers against the Mughals.[citation needed]
- 1767–1795: Reign of Ahilyabai Holkar, Indian queen of the Malwa kingdom. She personally led troops into battle.[citation needed]
- 1768: Birth of Mah Laqa Bai. Due to her archery skills, she accompanied the Nizam II (Mir Nizam Ali Khan) in three wars;[14]
- 1778: Sikh princess Bibi Rajindar Kaur leads 3,000 soldiers to rescue her cousin who was defeated by Hari Singh.[citation needed]
- 1778–1803: The ruling Princess of Sardhana, Begum Samru (Johanna Noblis), leads her armies in war.[citation needed]
- 1780: Rani Velu Nachiar of Sivagangai Poligar leads a female army against the British in India.[15]
19th century
edit- 1802: Mai Sukhan defends the town of Amritsar against Ranjit Singh.[citation needed]
- 1824: Queen Kittur Chennamma of the Kittur kingdom in India fights the British.[16]
- 1857–1858: Indian queen Rani Lakshmibai leads battles against the British. A member of her army, Indian resistance leader Jalkari Bai, defends Jhansi fort against the British.[17]
- 1857–1858: Begum Hazrat Mahal leads a band of her supporters against the British in the Indian rebellion of 1857.[18][19][20][21][22][23]
- 1858, 28 March: After personally leading a campaign against the British to regain her throne from them, Avantibai of the Indian state of Ramgarth kills herself when defeat seems imminent.[24]
20th century
edit- WWII: See Women_in_World_War_II#India
- 1942-1945 - India's war of independence took place.[25] The all-female Rani of Jhansi Regiment was formed within the Indian National Army.[26] Notable members of it included Janaky Athi Nahappan,[27] and Rasammah Bhupalan.[28]
21st century
edit- In December 2006 female cadets from the Pakistan Military Academy for the first time assumed guard duties at the mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam at Karachi.[29]
- In this year women were enrolled in the Pakistani military for assignments other than duties in medical setups/units for the first time in history.[29]
- January 19 2007: The United Nations first all female peacekeeping force is set to deploy to Liberia. The peacekeeping force is made up of 105 Indian policewomen.[30]
References
edit- ^ "A Brief Review of the History of Amputations and Prostheses Earl E. Vanderwerker, Jr., M.D. JACPOC 1976 Vol 15, Num 5".
- ^ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). The Early History of India from 600 BC to the Muhammadan Conquest: including the invasion of Alexander the Great. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 46–48.
- ^ Yardley, J.C., Heckel, Waldemar (2004). Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Malden, MA. p. 206. ISBN 0-631-22820-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Campbell, James M.; R. E. Enthoven (1904). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume I, Part II, History of the Konkan Dahkan and Southern Maratha Country. Govt. Central Press, Bombay, India. p. 435.
- ^ Shek Ali, Dr. B., ed., The Hoysala Dynasty, Mysore, 1977.
- ^ Derrett, J. D. M., The Hoysalas, London, 1957.
- ^ (1842) "Heroínas Portuguesas". O Recreio (jornal das famílias) 8. Imprensa Nacional.
- ^ Jyotsna Kamat. "Education in Karnataka through the ages: Education Among Muslims". Retrieved 2006-12-24.
- ^ "Ensure Belwadi Mallamma of Belgaum district gets her place in international history". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2008-10-26. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
- ^ "Women of prominence in Karnataka". Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
- ^ Buchanan, Francis (1988). A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar : for the express purpose of investigating the state of agriculture, arts and commerce, the religion, manners, and customs, the history natural and civil, and antiquities (1st AES reprint. ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 126. ISBN 9788120603868.
- ^ Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation By B. S. Chandrababu, L. Thilagavathi, p.242
- ^ Eaton, Richard M. (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–203. ISBN 0-521-25484-1.
- ^ Rajendra, Rajani (19 April 2013). "Glimpse into Mah Laqa's life". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ The Hindu - 10-Aug-2010
- ^ Freedom fighters of India, Volume 4. Delhi: ISHA Books. 2008. p. 192. ISBN 81-8205-468-0.
- ^ Sarala, Srikrishna (1999). Indian revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961. Vol. I. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-87100-16-4.
- ^ "A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal". The Hindu. 8 April 2014.
- ^ "Begum Hazrat Mahal Summary & Analysis". BookRags.com. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Michael Edwardes (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; p. 104
- ^ Christopher Hibbert (1980) The Great Mutiny, Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371
- ^ Saul David (2002) The Indian Mutiny, Viking; p. 185
- ^ "Begum Hazrat Mahal". Mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present, By Bernard A. Cook, p.199
- ^ The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945 By Peter Ward Fay
- ^ Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment By Joyce C. Lebra, p.X
- ^ Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment By Joyce C. Lebra, p.xii
- ^ Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India By Sunanda K. Datta-Ray, p.71
- ^ a b "Women in Pakistan's military". Pakobserver.net. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
- ^ "First All-Female U.N. Peacekeeping Force to Deploy to Liberia". Fox News Channel. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2008.