Nutrient chart

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Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Dog Food Nutrient Profiles,[a] 2014[1] with Role of Vitamins & Minerals [2]
Nutrient Units
(Dry
Matter Basis)
Growth and
reproduction
minimum
Adult
maintenance
minimum[b]
Maximum Functions Signs of deficiency/Excess
Protein % 22.5 18.0
Arginine % 1.0 0.51
Histidine % 0.44 0.19
Isoleucine % 0.71 0.38
Leucine % 1.29 0.68
Lysine % 0.90 0.63
Methionine + cystine % 0.70 0.65
Methionine % 0.35 0.33
Phenylalanine + tyrosine % 1.30 0.74
Phenylalanine % 0.83 0.45
Threonine % 1.04 0.48
Tryptophan % 0.20 0.16
Valine % 0.68 0.49
Fat [c] % 8.5 5.5
Linoleic acid % 1.3 1.1
alpha-Linolenic acid % 0.08 ND
EPA + DHA % 0.05 ND
ω-6:ω-3 ratio 30∶1
Minerals
Calcium % 1.2 0.5 1.8
  • Formation of bones and teeth
  • Blood coagulation
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cell signaling
  • Deficiency
    • Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • loss of bone mineral content, which can lead to collapse and curvature of lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bones
    • bone pain, which can progress to pathological fractures
  • Excess
    • Depressed food intake
    • Decreased growth
    • Increased bone mineral density
    • Increased need for magnesium
Phosphorus % 1.0 0.4 1.6
  • Skeletal structure
  • DNA and RNA structure
  • Energy metabolism
  • Locomotion
  • Acid-base balance
  • Deficiency
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Locomotor disturbances
    • Metabolic acidosis
Ca:P ratio 1∶1 1∶1 2∶1
Potassium % 0.6 0.6
  • Acid-base balance
  • Nerve-impulse transmission
  • Enzymatic reactions
  • Transport functions
  • Deficiency
    • Anorexia
    • Retarded growth
    • Neurological disorders, including ataxia and severe muscle weakness
Sodium % 0.3 0.08
  • Acid-base balance
  • Regulation of osmotic pressure
  • Nerve impulse generation and transmission
  • Deficiency
    • Anorexia
    • Impaired growth
    • Excessive thirst and drinking
    • Excessive urination
Chloride % 0.45 0.12
  • Acid-base balance
  • Osmolarity of extracellular fluids
  • Deficiency
    • Increased sodium concentration in renal fluid
    • Excess potassium excretion
Magnesium % 0.06 0.06
  • Enzyme functions
  • Muscle and nerve-cell membrane stability
  • Hormone secretion and function
  • Mineral structure of bones and teeth
  • Deficiency
    • Poor growth
    • Overextension of the carpal joints
    • Muscle twitching
    • Convulsions
  • Excess
    • Urinary tract stone formation in the presence of high pH
Iron [d] mg/kg 88 40
  • Hemoglobin and myoglobin synthesis
  • Energy metabolism
  • Deficiency
    • Poor growth
    • Pale mucous membranes
    • Lethargy
    • Weakness
    • Diarrhea
  • Excess
    • Vomiting and diarrhea
Copper [e] mg/kg 12.4 7.3
  • Connective tissue formation
  • Iron metabolism
  • Blood cell formation
  • Melanin pigment formation
  • Myelin formation
  • Defense against oxidative damage
  • Deficiency
    • Reduced weight gain
    • Longer time to conceive
Manganese mg/kg 7.2 5.0
  • Enzyme functions
  • Bone development
  • Neurological function

No studies of deficiency in cats

Zinc mg/kg 100 80 1000 (removed in 2014)[4]
  • Enzyme reactions
  • Cell replication
  • Protein and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Skin function
  • Wound healing
  • Deficiency
    • Skin lesions
    • Growth retardation
    • Testicular damage
Iodine mg/kg 1.0 1.0 11
  • Thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Cell differentiation
  • Growth and development of puppies
  • Regulation of metabolic rate
  • Deficiency
    • Enlargement of thyroid glands
  • Excess
    • Excessive tearing, salivation, and nasal discharge
    • Dandruff
Selenium mg/kg 0.35 0.35 2
  • Defense against oxidative damage
  • Immune response

No studies of deficiency in cats

Vitamins
Vitamin A IU/kg 5000 5000 250,000
  • Vision
  • Growth
  • Immune function
  • Fetal development
  • Cellular differentiation
  • Transmembrane protein transfer
  • Deficiency
    • Conjunctivitis
    • Cataracts, retinal degeneration, and other eye problems
    • Weight loss
    • Muscle weakness
    • Reproductive and developmental disorders
  • Excess
    • Skeletal lesions in kittens, particularly outgrowths of the cervical vertebrae
    • Osteoporosis
Vitamin D IU/kg 500 500 3,000
  • Maintenance of mineral status
  • Skeletal structure
  • Muscle contraction
  • Blood clotting
  • Nerve conduction
  • Cell signaling
  • Phosphorus balance
  • Deficiency
    • Rickets
    • Abnormalities in skeletal development
    • Progressive paralysis
    • Ataxia
    • Lack of grooming
    • Reduction in body weight and food intake
  • Excess
    • Anorexia
    • Vomiting
    • Lethargy
    • Calcification of soft tissues
Vitamin E [f] IU/kg 50 50
  • Defense against oxidative damage via free radical scavenging
  • Deficiency
    • Anorexia
    • Depression
    • Pain sensitivity in abdomen
    • Fat tissue pathology
Vitamin B1 / Thiamine [g] mg/kg 2.25 2.25
  • Energy and carbohydrate metabolism
  • Activation of ion channels in neural tissue
  • Deficiency
    • Neurological impairments including altered reflexes and convulsive seizures
    • Heart-rate disorders
    • Pathological changes in the central nervous system
    • Severe learning deficits
Riboflavin mg/kg 5.2 5.2
  • Enzyme functions
  • Deficiency
    • Cataracts
    • Fatty livers
    • Testicular atrophy
Pantothenic acid mg/kg 12 12
  • Energy metabolism
  • Deficiency
    • Stunted growth
    • Fatty changes in liver
    • Small bowel lesions
Niacin mg/kg 13.6 13.6
  • Enzyme functions
  • Deficiency
    • Anorexia
    • Weight loss
    • Elevated body temperature
    • Fiery red tongue, with ulceration and congestion
Vitamin B6 / Pyridoxine mg/kg 1.5 1.5
  • Glucose generation
  • Red blood cell function
  • Niacin synthesis
  • Nervous system function
  • Immune response
  • Hormone regulation
  • Gene activation
  • Deficiency
    • Stunted growth
    • Convulsive seizures
    • Kidney lesions
Folic Acid mg/kg 0.216 0.216
  • Amino acid and nucleotide metabolism
  • Mitochondrial protein synthesis
  • Deficiency
    • Decreased growth rate
    • increased iron levels in blood
Vitamin B12 mg/kg 0.028 0.028
  • Enzyme functions
  • Deficiency
    • Weight loss
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • Intestinal disorders
Choline mg/kg 1360 1360
  • Deficiency
    • Fatty liver in kittens[5]
    • Lower motivation to eat in kittens[5]
    • Decreased growth rate in kittens[5]
  1. ^ Presumes an energy density of 4.0 kcal/g ME, based on the modified Atwater values of 3.5, 8.5, and 3.5 kcal/g for protein, fat, and carbohydrate (nitrogen-free extract, NFE), respectively [Regulation PF9]. Rations greater than 4.5 kcal/g should be corrected for energy density; rations less than 4.0 kcal/g should not be corrected for energy.
  2. ^ Recommended concentrations for maintenance of body weight at an average caloric intake for dogs of a given optimal weight.
  3. ^ Although a true requirement for fat per se has not been established, the minimum level was based on recognition of fat as a source of essential fatty acids, as a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins, to enhance palatability, and to supply an adequate caloric density.
  4. ^ Because of very poor bioavailability, iron from carbonate or oxide sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.
  5. ^ Because of very poor bioavailability, copper from oxide sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.
  6. ^ Add 10 IU vitamin E above minimum level per gram of fish oil per kilogram of diet.
  7. ^ Because processing may destroy up to 90% of the thiamine in the diet, allowance in formulation should be made to ensure the minimum nutrient level is met after processing.

The European Union does not use a unified nutrient requirement.[6] A manufacturer committee called FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) makes recommendations for cats and dogs that members follow.[7] Both AAFCO and FEDIAF publish in two formats: one in the amount-per-kilogram form above, another in an energy-ratio format.[1]

  1. ^ a b "AAFCO methods for substantiating nutritional adequacy of dog and cat foods (proposed for 2014 publication)" (PDF). AAFCO. 2013.
  2. ^ Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition (Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies) (2006). The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in the Diet for Cats. National Research Council - National Academies. doi:10.17226/10668. ISBN 978-0-309-08628-8. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Note: A Dog chapter should be available. If any editor is able to access the book, please adjust the article accordingly.
  3. ^ Bauer, J. (1998). Nutritional Uniqueness of Cats. Veterinary Quarterly,20(Sup1), 78-79.
  4. ^ David A. Dzanis, D.V.M., Ph.D., DACVN Division of Animal Feeds, Center for Veterinary Medicine (November 1997). "SELECTING NUTRITIOUS PET FOODS". INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS. Food and Drug Administration - Center for Veterinary Medicine. Archived from the original on June 25, 2006. Retrieved 2005-01-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Schaeffer, Rogers; Morris (1982). "The choline requirement of the growing kitten in the presence of just adequate dietary methionine". Nutrition Research. 2 (3): 289–299. doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(82)80010-9.
  6. ^ Global Alliance of Pet Food Associations. "How pet food is regulated" (PDF).
  7. ^ "Nutritional Guidelines". FEDIAF.