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Duchy of Poland Księstwo Polskie (Polish) Ducatus Poloniae (Latin)
1138–1300
Poland within Europe in 1190.
Capital	Kraków
Official languages	Polish Latin
Religion	Roman Catholicism (institutional) Slavic paganism (practiced)
Demonym(s)	Polish
Government	Confederl agnatic seniority monarchy (1138–1180) Confederl monarchy (1180–1300)
High Duke
• 1138–1146 (first)	Władysław II the Exile
• 1225–1227 (last)	Leszek the White
Duke of Kraków
• 1228–1229	Władysław III Spindleshanks
• 1291–1300 (last)	Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
Historical era	Meddle Ages
• Fragmentation of the state	1138
• End of the agnatic seniority succession rule	1180
• Abolishment of the High Duke title	1227
• Coronation of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia for the king	1300
Currency	Denar
ISO 3166 code	PL
Preceded by Succeeded by [[Duchy of Poland (1079–1138)|]] Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Poland

The Duchy of Poland was a confederl duchy in Central Europe consisted of various states under the rule of the High Duke, an office bared by the ruler of the Seniorate Province until 1227. The state was reformed from the Duchy of Poland in 1138 following the fragmentation of the country into the confederation, after the death of Bolesław III Wrymouth. The country existed until 1300 when Wenceslaus II of Bohemia got crowned as the king of forming the Kingdom of Poland.

In 1138, the state was divided into the district principalities that were Seniorate Province, Greater Poland, Sandomierz, Masovia and Silesia, while the country additionally held control over the Duchy of Pomerelia. Later on, other states withing the confederation had formed that. They were: Czersk, Płock, Poznań, Gniezno, Duchy of Kalisz, Kuyavia, Łęczyca, Sieradz, Brześć Kujawski, Inowrocław, Dobrzyń and Wiślica.

History

The division of Poland into duchies between 1202 and 1241.

Before he died, Bolesław III Wrymouth divided the country, in a limited sense, among four of his sons. He made complex arrangements intended to prevent fratricidal warfare and preserve the Polish state's formal unity, but after Bolesław's death, the implementation of the plan failed and a long period of fragmentation was ushered in. For nearly two centuries, the Piasts would spar with each other, the clergy, and the nobility for the control over the divided kingdom. The stability of the system was supposedly assured by the institution of the senior or high duke of Poland, based in Kraków and assigned to the special Seniorate Province that was not to be subdivided. Following his concept of seniorate, Bolesław divided the country into five principalities: Silesia, Greater Poland, Masovia, Sandomierz and Kraków. The first four provinces were given to his four sons, who became independent rulers. The fifth province, the Seniorate Province of Kraków, was to be added to the senior among the princes who, as the Grand Duke of Kraków, was the representative of the whole of Poland. This principle broke down already within the generation of Bolesław III's sons, when Władysław II the Exile, Bolesław IV the Curly, Mieszko III the Old and Casimir II the Just fought for power and territory in Poland, and in particular over the throne of Kraków.

List of rulers

Main article: List of Polish monarchs

High Dukes

• Władysław II the Exile (1138–1146)
• Bolesław IV the Curly (1146–1173)
• Mieszko III the Old (1173–1177)
• Casimir II the Just (1191–1194)
• Leszek the White (1194–1198)
• Mieszko III the Old (1198–1199)
• Leszek the White (1199)
• Mieszko III the Old (1199–1202)
• Władysław III Spindleshanks (1202–1206/1210)
• Leszek the White (1206/1210–1210)
• Mieszko IV Tanglefoot (1210–1211)
• Leszek the White (1211–1225)
• Henry the Bearded (1225)
• Leszek the White (1225–1227)

Dukes of Kraków

• Władysław III Spindleshanks (1228–1229)
• Konrad I of Masovia (1229–1232)
• Henry the Bearded (1232–1238)
• Henry II the Pious (1238–1241)
• Bolesław II the Horned (1241)
• Konrad I of Masovia (1241–1243)
• Bolesław V the Chaste (1243–1279)
• Leszek II the Black (1279–1288)
• Bolesław II of Masovia (1288)
• Henryk IV Probus (1288–1289)
• Bolesław II of Masovia (1289)
• Władysław I Łokietek (1289)
• Henryk IV Probus (1289–1290)
• Przemysł II (1290–1291)
• Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1291–1300)

Bibliography

• Dybkowska A., Żaryn J., Żaryn M., Polskie dzieje. Od czasów najdawniejszych po współczesność, wyd. 2, Warsaw 1995. ​ISBN 83-01-11870-9​.
• Morby J.E., Dynastie świata. Przewodnik chronologiczny i genealogiczny, Kraków 1995, s. 261–263. ​ISBN 83-7006-263-6​.
• Wyrozumski J., Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII w.-1370), Kraków: Fogra, 1999, ISBN 83-85719-38-5, OCLC 749221743.
• Zientara B., Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy, wyd. 2, Warszawa 1997.