The Grade System (职务等级制度), Post Grade System or Leader Grade System of the Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police, and all other military-affiliated institutions, is an organizational system by which a command grade (等级 or 级别) is assigned to units, military posts(职务), or billets (岗位) . These grades are separate and partially independent from the rank (衔级) that are assigned to individual officers.

The TOC of the PLA assigns a grade to every field unit and military institution (such as military academies), and it is the grade structure that determines the structure of command of the armed forces.

An officer obtains the grade when they are assigned to a given post. It is the grade, not the rank, that determines seniority of both units and their commanders, and determines the chain of command. A Senior Colonel (Brigadier equivalent) in a higher grade post may effectively command a Major General in a lower grade post.

Moreover, it is the grade of their current post that determines the career progress of an officer, not their rank. Pay, benefits and mandatory retirement ages are linked to grades.

Until 2023, each grade post could be filled by at least two different ranks. And as the time limits for promotion were different for grades and ranks, it resulted in a growing difference between grade and rank for the most successful officers. This often resulted in the commander and political commissar of a unit -- both formally of the same grade, and equal in every respect -- to have different ranks.

The system was confusing for foreigners, and could create some conflicts. In 2023, the

History edit

This peculiar dual system has its origin in the lack of rank in the early Red Army (following the lead of the Soviet Red Army), in which post was the only meaningful marker of hierarchy. The PLA adopted a traditional 10-levels officer ranks after the Korean War, again following the Soviet model, but retained a 15-level grade system in parallel. 1927: A simple grade structure was introduced 1952: A revised structure of 21 grades was implemented 1955: A system with 20 grades and 15 ranks was introduced 1965: At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the rank system was abolished and officers used the government's National Administrative Cadre system of 27 grades 1972: Four grades were abolished, leaving 23 grades 1979: 23 grades were reduced to 15 1988: New rank system with 10 ranks was implemented In 2021, a reform of the grade system was introduced by the CMC[1] to resolve the increasing problems with the rank/grade divergence: with the "brigadization" of the PLA, there were fewer intermediate Division-level grades to fill, making career development slower. While the grade system was retained, it was made more congruent with rank system by making that each grade can only be filled by one rank, which solved the problem of outranked officials commanding officers that they outgraded. Each grade can be filled by at least two different ranks, and a given rank can fill many differently graded posts (Major Generals can fill up to four different grades). 中华人民共和国军事中国人民解放军建制内不同部队、机构具有不同级别,一般根据级别确定下属机构级别以及官员职务级别。[2][3]Civil_service_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China

ogether, the grade and rank systems have consisted of five basic components: grade categories (职务), grades (级别), rank categories (等级), ranks (军衔), and billets (岗位)[4]


On January 1, 2021, the "Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers" came into effect. According to the "Interim Regulations on the Management of Active Military Officers", the military rank levels, job levels, and salary levels are compared as follows  :

  • Unranked ( Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Level 1)
  • general
    1. General ( Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Level 2; Member of the Central Military Commission , Level 3; Chief of Theater Command , Level 4)
    2. Lieutenant General ( Deputy in Theater , Level 5)
    3. Major general (military-level chief officer, level 6; military-level deputy, level 7)
  • school officer
    1. Senior colonel (chief officer of division-level troops, level 7; chief officer of division-level, level 8; deputy division-level officer, chief officer of brigade level, level 9)
    2. Colonel (deputy at brigade level, chief officer at regiment level, grades 8-11)
    3. Lieutenant colonel (deputy at regiment level, chief officer at battalion level, grades 10-13)
    4. Major (battalion-level chief officer, grade 12-16; battalion-level deputy, grade 12-16)
  • lieutenant
    1. Captain (company-level officer, level 14-17)
    2. Lieutenant (deputy at company level, levels 15-18)
    3. Second lieutenant (platoon-level officer, level 17-19)

According to the " Reserve Personnel Law of the People's Republic of China ", there are only seven second-class military ranks for reserve officers, namely, reserve colonel (reserve senior colonel, reserve colonel, reserve lieutenant colonel, reserve major) and reserve lieutenant (reserve captain, reserve lieutenant, reserve second lieutenant). ).

根据《现役军官管理暂行条例》、《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于中国人民解放军现役士兵衔级制度的决定》,新的现役军人军衔制度按军种区分为五类:

  • 陆军军衔,凡陆军军官、士兵,一律冠“陆军”字样,如“陆军上将”、“陆军少校”、“陆军一级军士长”;
  • 海军军衔,凡海军军官、士兵,一律冠“海军”字样,如“海军中将”、“海军中校”、“海军列兵”;
  • 空军军衔,凡空军军官、士兵,一律冠“空军”字样,如“空军少将”、“空军大校”、“空军上等兵”;
  • 火箭军军衔,凡火箭军军官、士兵,一律冠“火箭軍”字样,如“火箭军上将”、“火箭军上尉”、“火箭军下士”;

根据《中华人民共和国预备役人员法》,另设下列类型军衔:

  • 预备役军衔,凡预备役部队军官、士兵,一律冠“预备役”字样,如“预备役大校”、“预备役中尉”、“预备役二级上士”。
  • 退役军衔,凡退出预备役的军官、士兵,一律冠“退役”字样,如“退役大校”、“退役中尉”、“退役二级上士”。

军官军衔[编辑源代码] edit

2021年1月1日,《现役军官管理暂行条例》开始施行。根据《现役军官管理暂行条例》,军衔等级、岗位职务层级、待遇级别对照如下:

  • 无衔(中央军委主席,1级)
  • 将官
    1. 上将(中央军委副主席,2级;中央军委委员,3级;战区主官,4级)
    2. 中将(战区副职,5级)
    3. 少将(军级主官,6级;军级副职,7级)
  • 校官
    1. 大校(师级部队主官,7级;师级主官,8级;师级副职,旅级主官,9级)
    2. 上校(旅级副职,团级主官,8—11级)
    3. 中校(团级副职,营级主官,10—13级)
    4. 少校(营级主官,12—16级;营级副职,12—16级)
  • 尉官
    1. 上尉(连级主官,14—17级)
    2. 中尉(连级副职,15—18级)
    3. 少尉(排级主官,17—19级)

根据《中华人民共和国预备役人员法》,预备役军官军衔只设二等七衔,即预备役校官(预备役大校、预备役上校、预备役中校、预备役少校)及预备役尉官(预备役上尉、预备役中尉、预备役少尉)。

Structure of the Grade System edit

Career Paths edit

Congruence with Civilian Grades edit

Career Paths

paths and skill sets are relatively narrow. There are five PLA career tracks:

• Military (or command) officers (junshi/zhihui junguan; 军事/指挥 军官)

• Political officers (zhengzhi junguan; 政治军官)

control over localities by strengthening the authority of vertical lines; see Xiong Wenzhao and Cao Xudong,

“Getting the Most From Vertical Management”; Andrew C. Mertha, “China’s ‘Soft’ Centralization:

Shifting Tiao/Kuai Authority Relations,” China Quaterly 184 (Dec 2005), pp. 791-810.

233 Lieberthal, Governing China, p. 187.

234 Mertha, “China’s ‘Soft’ Centralization,” p. 797; Lieberthal, Governing China, pp. 219-220.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

71

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

• Logistics officers (houqin junguan; 后勤军官)

• Armaments officers 235 (zhuangbei junguan; 装备军官)

• Specialized technical officers (zhuanye jishu junguan; 专业技术军官).

Four of these five categories correspond to the four General Departments. (Specialized

technical officers, who are responsible for equipment maintenance, repair, research,

development, and testing, may belong to any functional category, though they are most

frequently associated with the logistics or armaments tracks.237 ) Officers are tracked into

one of these systems when they are commissioned, are trained and educated throughout

their career in the same system, serve in units and headquarters within that system, and

do not routinely transfer from one system to another until they have reached quite a high

position (MR deputy leader or above) in

the military hierarchy.Every officer in the PLA also

has a grade level, sometimes

called a “duty grade” (zhiwu

dengji; 职 务 等 级 ). It is an

officer’s grade that most clearly

signals his status in the PLA

hierarchy. The importance of the

grade system is indicated in

several ways:

• Grade level determines a

PLA officer’s authority

vis-à-vis other officers.

For instance, it is because

the commander and the

political officer in a given

unit are always of the

same grade that they have

equal authority in the unit.

• Officers at the same

grade level are equal in

status even if they have

different ranks.

• An officer’s grade level

determines what billets he

is eligible to fill.

• Officers’ pay is

determined first by their

grade level, and only after

that by their military rank

and years of service.240

• Promotion in grade

indicates that one is moving up the career ladder. Moving from one grade level to

the next is a promotion; moving from one position to another in the same grade is

a lateral transfer. For example, moving from a position as chief of staff in an MR

headquarters to become deputy commander in the same MR headquarters is not a

promotion, because both have a grade level of MR Deputy Leade[5]

TIME IN GRADE vs TIME IN RANK: the next Second Artillery commander may not immediately become a CMC member until he meets "time-in-grade" (TIG) requirements. The[6]

Comprehensive Unit Grade Structure edit

CMC Chairman-grade (中央军委主席) Grade 1 (1级) edit

The Chairman of the Central Military Commission in both its Party and State guises is the head of the Central Military Commission and the supreme commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the People's Republic of China. It is always exercised by a non-active military office holder. Since 1989, except for certain power transfer periods, the CMC Chairman has simultaneously been the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, and President of China.

Deng Xiaoping rejected the offer to be granted an honorary rank as "First Class General" as head of the CMC, preferring to remain a civilian leader. Since 1994, it has been expressly stipulated that the Chairman of the Central Military Commission shall not be awarded a military rank.[7]

In the cases during transitions where the Chairman of the CMC of the CCP is not the same as the Chairman of the PRC's CMC (as in 2012), the rule of "the party leads the gun" (党指挥枪) means that the CCP Chairman shall have command priority.[8]

Deputy Chairman of the Central Military Commission-grade (中央军委副主席): Grade 2 (2级) edit

中央军事委员会副主席协助中央军委主席工作,人数不定,编制为上将军衔,是解放軍現役將領能擔任的最高軍職,但中央军委副主席并不一定是现役军人,如曾经担任中央军委副主席的邓小平赵紫阳杨尚昆胡锦涛习近平均不是现役军人。[9][10]

Central Military Commission Member-grade (中央军委委员) Grade 3 (3级) [11] edit

CMC Member Grade posts can be only filled by full Generals (上将军衔)。

第二炮兵部队司令员(相当于现在的火箭军司令员)。军改以后,新的军委委员由国防部长、联合参谋部参谋长、政治工作部主任、纪委书记组成。战区、军种主官不进入军委。

Theater-grade Units (正战区级) Grade 4 (4级) edit

2019年12月以后,上将实际上成为正战 职将领的唯一编制军衔。

CMC's Theater-Grade Functional Departments (中央军委机关正战区级职能部门) edit

  1. CMC Joint Staff Department (中央军事委员会联合参谋部): Chief of Staff (参谋长)
  2. CMC Political Work Department (中央军事委员会政治工作部): Director (主任)
  3. CMC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (中央军事委员会纪律检查委员会):Secretary (书记)

Theater Commands (部战区):Commander (司令员), Political Commissar (政委) edit

  1. Eastern Theater Command (东部战区 - ETC):
  2. Western Theater Command (西部战区 - WTC):
  3. Southern Theater Command (南部战区 - STC):
  4. Northern Theater Command (北部战区 - NTC):
  5. Central Theater Command (中部战区 - CTC):

Each PLA Branch:Commander, PC edit

  1. PLA's Ground Force (中国人民解放军陆军)
  2. PLA's Navy (中国人民解放军海军)
  3. PLA's Air Force (中国人民解放军空军)
  4. PLA's Rocket Force (中国人民解放军火箭军)
  5. People's Armed Police (中国人民武装警察部队)

Deputy Theater-grade Units (副战区级) Grade 5 (5级) edit

從2019年12月起,中將軍衔為副戰區職幹部的唯一編制軍衔。副戰區職幹部滿63歲或任副戰區職滿10年而不能晉升者須退役。

Deputy 中央军委机关正战区级职能部门、各战区、各军种、武警部队:副职

CMC Deputy Theater Grade Functional Departments (中央军委机关副战区级职能部门): Director (部长), PC edit

  1. CMC General Office (中央军委办公厅)
  2. CMC Logistics Support Department (中央军委后勤保障部)
  3. CMC Equipment Development Department (中央军委装备发展部)
  4. CMC Training Administration Department (中央军委训练管理部)
  5. CMC National Defense Mobilization Department (中央军委国防动员部)
  6. CMC Politics and Legal Affairs Commission (中央军委政法委员会): Secretary (书记)
  7. CMC Science and Technology Commission (中央军委科学技术委员会)

Each PLA Arm (各兵种): Commander, PC edit

  1. Aerospace Force (军事航天部队): Commander, PC
  2. Cyberspace Force (网络空间部队): Commander, PC
  3. Information Support Force (信息支援部队): Commander, PC
  4. Joint Logistics Force (联勤保障部队): Commander, PC

CMC Deputy Theater-Grade Directly Controlled Units (中央军委副战区级直属单位): Commander/Principal/Dean, PC edit

  1. CMC Joint Logistics Support Force (中央军委联勤保障部队)
  2. China National Defense University (中国人民解放军国防大学)
  3. Academy of Military Sciences (中国人民解放军军事科学)

Each Theater Command's Deputy Theater Grade Functional Departments (各战区机关副战区级职能部门): Chief of Staff (参谋长), Director (主任) edit

  1. ETC Joint Staff Department (东部战区联合参谋部)
  2. ETC Political Work Department (东部战区政治工作部)
  3. WTC Joint Staff Department (西部战区联合参谋部)
  4. WTC Political Work Department (西部战区政治工作部)
  5. STC Joint Staff Department (南部战区联合参谋部)
  6. STC Political Work Department (南部战区政治工作部)
  7. NTC Joint Staff Department (北部战区联合参谋部)
  8. NTC Political Work Department (北部战区政治工作部)
  9. CTC Joint Staff Department (中部战区联合参谋部)
  10. CTC Political Work Department (中部战区政治工作部)

Each Theater Command Branches (各战区军种): Commander, PC edit

  1. ETC Ground Force (东部战区陆军)
  2. ETC Navy (军东部战区海军)
  3. ETC Air Force (军东部战区空军)
  4. WTC Ground Force (西部战区陆军)
  5. WTC Air Force (西部战区空军)
  6. STC Ground Force (南部战区陆军)
  7. STC Navy (南部战区海军)
  8. STC Air Force (南部战区空军)
  9. NTC Ground Force (北部战区陆军)
  10. NTC Navy (北部战区海军)
  11. NTC Air Force (北部战区空军)
  12. CTC Ground Force (中部战区陆军)
  13. CTC Air Force (中部战区空军)


Each Branch's Deputy Theater-Grade Functional Departments (各军种机关副战区级职能部门): Chief of Staff, Director edit

  1. 中国人民解放军陆军参谋部:参谋长
  2. 中国人民解放军陆军政治工作部:主任
  3. 中国人民解放军海军参谋部:参谋长
  4. 中国人民解放军海军政治工作部:主任
  5. 中国人民解放军空军参谋部:参谋长
  6. 中国人民解放军空军政治工作部:主任
  7. 中国人民解放军火箭军参谋部:参谋长
  8. 中国人民解放军火箭军政治工作部:主任
  9. 中国人民解放军战略支援部队参谋部:参谋长
  10. 中国人民解放军战略支援部队政治工作部:主任
  11. 中国人民解放军战略支援部队航天系统部:Commander, PC
  12. 中国人民解放军战略支援部队网络系统部:Commander, PC
  13. PAP Staff Department (武警参谋部)
  14. PAP Political Work Department (武警政治工作部)

PLAGF Deputy Theater-grade Directly Subordinate Military Districts (陆军直属副战区级军区): Commander, PC edit

  1. Xinjiang Military District (新疆军区)
  2. Tibet Military District (西藏军区)

Corps-grade Units (正军级) Grade 6 edit

正军级编制首长为中将或少将军衔。例如:中国人民解放军驻香港部队司令员陈道祥少将。

CMC Corps-grade Functional Departments (中央军委机关正军级职能部门)(5) Department Head, PC edit

  1. CMC Office of Strategic Planning (中央军委战略规划办公室)
  2. CMC Reform and Organization Office(中央军委改革和编制办公室)
  3. CMC International Cooperation Office (中央军委国际军事合作办公室)
  4. CMC Audit Office (中央军事委员会审计署) Chief Auditor审计长
  5. CMC Agency for Offices Administration (中央军委机关事务管理总局)

CMC Corps-grade Directly Subordinate Units (中央军委直属正军级单位)(1)Director, PC edit

  1. University of Defense Science and Engineering (国防科技大学)

CMC Theater-grade departments' directly subordinate Corps-grade Units (中央军委机关正战区级职能部门直属正军级单位) edit

  1. CMC Joint Staff Department Information Bureau 中央军委联合参谋部情报局[局长]
  2. CMC Joint Staff Department Operations Bureau 中央军委联合参谋部作战局[局长]

CMC Deputy Theatre's Functional Departments' Corps-Grade Directly Subordinate Units (中央军委机关副战区级职能部门直属正军级单位) edit

CMC Defense Mobilization Department's Provincial Military Districts (中央军委国防动员部直属省级军区)(28)Commander, PC

  • Anhui Provincial Military District (安徽省军区)
  • Fujian Provincial Military District (福建省军区)
  • Gansu Provincial Military District (甘肃省军区)
  • Guangdong Provincial Military District (广东省军区)
  • Guizhou Provincial Military District (贵州省军区)
  • Hainan Provincial Military District (海南省军区)
  • Hebei Provincial Military District (河北省军区)
  • Henan Provincial Military District (河南省军区)
  • Heilongjiang Provincial Military District (黑龙江省军区)
  • Hubei Provincial Military District (湖北省军区)
  • Hunan Provincial Military District (湖南省军区)
  • Jiangsu Provincial Military District (江苏省军区)
  • Jiangxi Provincial Military District (江西省军区)
  • Jilin Provincial Military District (吉林省军区)
  • Liaoning Provincial Military District (辽宁省军区)
  • Qinghai Provincial Military District (青海省军区)
  • Shaanxi Provincial Military District (山西省军区)
  • Shanxi Provincial Military District (陕西省军区)
  • Shandong Provincial Military District (山东省军区)
  • Sichuan Provincial Military District (四川省军区)
  • Yunnan Provincial Military District (云南省军区)
  • Zhejiang Provincial Military District (浙江省军区)
  • Guangxi Military District (广西军区)
  • Inner Mongolia Military District (内蒙古军区)
  • Ningxia Military District (宁夏军区)
  • Chongqing Garrison District (重庆警备区)
  • Shanghai Garrison District (上海警备区)
  • Tianjin Garrison District (天津警备区)

PLAGF Corps-grade Units (陆军正军级单位) edit

Rocket Force Corps-Grade Units (火箭军正军级单位) edit

Navy Corps-Grade Units (海军正军级单位) edit

  • Theater Command's Navy Aviation (战区海军航空兵)(3): Commander, PC:
    • Eastern Theater Command Navy (东部战区海军航空兵)
    • Southern Theater Command Navy Aviation (南部战区海军航空兵)
    • Northern Theater Command Navy Aviation (北部战区海军航空兵)

PLA Air Force Corps Grade Units (空军正军级单位) Commander, PC edit

Corps-Grade Units of the Aerospace Force 航天部队正军级单位[Corps Grade Leaders正军职主官 edit

战略支援部队网络系统部正军级单位[正军职主官]

  • University of Communications Engineering (信息工程大学)[校长、政委]

PAP Corps-Grade Units (武警正军级单位): edit

  • PAP Corps-Grade Contingents 武警正军级总队(5)Commander (司令员), Political Commissar (政委):
    • Coast Guard Contingent (海警总队)
    • First Mobile Contingent (第一机动总队)
    • Second Mobile Contingent (第二机动总队)
    • Beijing Contingent (北京总队)
    • Xinjiang Contingent (新疆总队)

Deputy Corps-Grade Units (副军级) edit

副军级编制首长为少将或大校军衔。例如:

副军级干部转业地方后,一般按厅局级正职安排工作,括注“中管正局级”字样。

Intermediate Level Military Courts (中级军事法院)(7)Chief Judge edit

  1. ETC Military Court (东部战区军事法院)
  2. NTC Military Court (南部战区军事法院)
  3. WTC First Military Court (西部战区第一军事法院)
  4. WTC Second Military Court (西部战区第二军事法院)
  5. NTC Military Court (北部战区军事法院)
  6. CTC Military Court (中部战区军事法院)
  7. PLA Directly Subordinate General Military Court (总直属军事法院)

High Level Procuratorates (大单位军事检察院)(7) Chief Prosecutor (检察长) edit

  1. ETC Military Procuratorate (东部战区军事检察院)
  2. STC Military Procuratorate (南部战区军事检察院)
  3. WTC First Military Procuratorate (西部战区第一军事检察院)
  4. WTC Second Military Procuratorate (西部战区第二军事检察院)
  5. NTC Military Procuratorate (北部战区军事检察院)
  6. CTC Military Procuratorate (中部战区军事检察院)
  7. 中国人民解放军总直属军事检察院

PLAGF Deputy Theater-Grade Units (陆军副军级单位) edit

Navy Deputy Theater-Grade Units (海军副军级单位) edit

PLA Air Force Deputy Theater-Grade Units (空军副军级单位)[副军职主官] edit

Aerospace Force Deputy Corps-Grade Unit (航天部队副军级单位) Group Commander/Dean, PC edit

战略支援部队网络系统部副军级单位[副军职主官] edit

[[Joint Logistics Support Force Deputy Corps-grade Units (中央军委联勤保障部队副军级单位) Commander, PC

PAP Deputy Corps-grade Units (武警副军级单位) Commander, PC edit

  • China Coast Guard Sea Areas Command Departments (海警海区指挥部)(3):
    • East Sea Area Command Department (东海海区指挥部)
    • Southern Sea Area Command Department (南海海区指挥部)
    • Northern Sea Area Command Department (北海海区指挥部)
  • PAP Deputy Corps-grade Academic Institutions (武警副军级院校)

Divisional Grade (正师级) edit

正师职军官为少将或大校军衔。

师、军分区、大城市的警备区、各总部的二级部下设局或处、大军区级单位的二级部、正军级单位的后勤部和装备部、副军级单位的司令部和政治部等一般为正师级编制。

海军正师级单位


PLAAF Division-grade Units (空军正师级单位) Commander, PC edit

Deputy Division Grade (副师级) edit

Brigade Grade (正旅级) edit

  • Also called Brigade Grade
  • Deputy Division billets go to Senior colonels and Major Generals. 副师职为大校或上校军衔。
  • 副大军区级单位的各部下设处、副军级单位的后勤部和装备部、正师级单位的司令部和政治部等一般为副师级编制。

例如:

部分被授予荣誉称号的副师级单位

Regimental Grade (正团级) edit

有时称副旅级

正团级编制首长为上校或中校军衔。例如:陆军南疆军区边防第363团“卫国戍边英雄团长祁发宝上校。

团、各总部二级部的下设局的下设处、大军区级单位的二级部的下设处、正军级单位的各部下设处、正师级单位后勤部和装备部、副师级单位司令部和政治部等一般为正团级编制。

被授予荣誉称号的正团级单位

Deputy Regimental Grade (副团级) edit

副团级编制首长为中校或少校军衔。

Battalion Grade Units (正营级) edit

正营级编制首长为中校或少校军衔。例如:陆军南疆军区边防第363团机步营营长“卫国戍边英雄陈红军少校。

副营级 edit

副营级编制首长为少校或上尉军衔。

Company Grade (正连级) edit

正连级编制首长为上尉或中尉军衔。

部分被授予荣誉称号的正连级单位

副连级 edit

副连级编制首长为中尉或上尉军衔。

Platoon Grade 排级 edit

排级编制首长为少尉中尉军衔。

對照表 edit

相當於:

  • 解放軍 -中央 -地方
  • 正戰區級-正部級 -正省級單位
  • 副戰區級-副部級 -副省級單位
  • 正軍級 -副部級 -副省級單位
  • 副軍級 -正司局級-正地廳級單位
  • 正師級 -正地廳級單位
  • 副師級 -副地廳級單位
  • 正團級 -正縣處級單位
PLA Central Govt Local Govt
Theater Grade Ministerial Grade Provincial Grade
Deputy Theater Grade Deputy Ministerial Grade Sub-provincial Grade

See also edit

Notes edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "What a Change in China's Officer Rank and Grade System Tells Us About PLA Reform". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  2. ^ 中华人民共和国武装力量[dead link]
  3. ^ "毛泽东为何要取缔军衔制". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
  4. ^ "China Announces Reform of Military Ranks". Jamestown. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  5. ^ Kaufman, Alison; Mackenzie, Peter (2009). "The Culture of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" (PDF). Marine Corps Intelligence Activity. Retrieved 2024-05-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "Assessing the PLA's Promotion Ladder to CMC Member Based on Grades vs. Ranks – Part 1". Jamestown. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  7. ^ 广安日报. "形成中央军委主席不授予军衔的惯例". 中国共产党新闻网. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
  8. ^ "中央军委23日在八一大楼举行晋升上将军衔仪式". 新华网 (in Chinese (China)). 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 2012-11-23. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  9. ^ "中共中央、全国人大常委会、国务院、全国政协、中央军委告全党全军全国各族人民书". 维基文库. Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2017-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "胡锦涛同志简历". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-11-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Mulvenon, James (2016). "China's "Goldwater-Nichols"? The Long-Awaited PLA Reorganization Has Finally Arrived" (PDF). Hoover Organization. Retrieved 2024-05-15.