For references..
- <ref>{{cite book |last1= Bedingfeld|first1= Henry|author1-link= Henry Bedingfeld|last2= Gwynn-Jones|first2= Peter|author2-link= Peter Gwynn-Jones|page= 42|title= Heraldry|year= 1993|location= Leicester|publisher= Magna Books|isbn= 1-85422-433-6}}</ref>
- <ref>{{cite book|first=Guy|last=Cadogan Rothery|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Heraldry|publisher=Senate, an imprint of Studio Editions Ltd.|location=London|year=1915|origyear=1994|isbn=1 85958 049 1|page=___}}</ref>
- <ref name="Fox-Davies1904">{{cite book| last1= Fox-Davies| first1= Arthur Charles|authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies| title=The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory|titlelink=The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory |year=1904 |publisher=Benjamin Blom, Inc. |location=New York and London |page=___}}</ref>
- {{cite book|last= Fox-Davies |first= A.C. |year=1904 |title= The Art of Heraldry|titlelink=The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory|location=London and Edinburgh |publisher=T C and E C Jack |url= http://archive.org/details/artofheraldryenc00foxd| oclc= }}
- <ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Stephen|editor-last=Friar|title=A New Dictionary of Heraldry|location=London|year=1987|publisher=[[A & C Black|Alphabooks/A&C Black]]|isbn=0 906670 44 6|page=___}}</ref>
- <ref>{{cite book|first=A.G.|last=Puttock|title=A Dictionary of Heraldry|location=Exeter|year=1985|publisher=Blaketon Hall Ltd.|isbn=0 907854 93 1|page=___}}</ref>
- <ref>{{cite book|first=Carl-Alexander|last=von Volborth|authorlink=Carl-Alexander von Volborth|title=Fabenwesen der Heraldik|language=German|publisher=Belser Verlag|year=1996|location=Stuttgart/Zurich|isbn=3-7630-2329-1|page=___}}</ref>