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WRIT 340 Group Project on Skid Row

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Skid Row, Los Angeles (Existing, Some Changes/Additions)

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Skid Row is a neighborhood in Downtown Los Angeles. The area is also known as Central City East.

As of the 2019 census, the population of the district was 4,757.[1] Skid Row contains one of the largest stable populations (about 2,783) of homeless people in the United States[2] and has been known for its condensed homeless population since the 1930's. Its long history of police raids, targeted city initiatives, and homelessness advocacy make it one of the most well-known districts in Los Angeles.

Geography (Existing, No Changes)

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Etymology (Existing, No Changes)

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Demographics (Existing, Some Changes/Additions)

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[3]

History

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The corner of 5th and San Pedro in 1875
Skidrow Serenade

The population is probably more motley than that in a similar district of any other American city. Jews, Greeks, and Italians in the doorways of pawnshops and secondhand clothing stores vie with one another to lure the unwary passer-by inside. A fat German runs a beer parlor and just across the street a dapper Frenchman ladles up 5-cent bowls of split pea soup. A large, blond woman named Sunshine, born in Egypt, manages one of the cleaner rooming houses. A few Chinese practically monopolize the hand laundry business, and Japanese the cheapest cafes and flophouses. Americans Indians barter for forbidden whiskey. Chattering Mexicans loiter on the steps leading up to a second-floor hotel. Dapper Negroes, better dressed than any other vagabonds, wander by in riotous groups.

Huston Irvine, Los Angeles Times (March 26, 1939)[4]

1880s through 1960s

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At the end of the 19th century, a number of residential hotels opened in the area as it became home to a transient population of seasonal laborers.[5] By the 1930s, Skid Row was home to as many as 10,000 homeless people, alcoholics, and others on the margins of society.[4] It supported saloons, residential hotels, and social services, which drew people from the populations they served to congregate in the area.[6]

In June 1947, Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) chief Clemence B. Horrall ordered what he called a "blockade raid" of the whole Skid Row area. Over 350 people were arrested. Assistant Chief Joseph Reed, who claimed that "at least 50 percent of all the crime in Los Angeles originates in the Skid Row area," stated that there had been no "strong arm robberies" on Skid Row as late as one week after the raid. Long-time residents, however, were skeptical that the changes would last.[7]

In 1956, the city of Los Angeles was in the midst of a program to "rehabilitate" Skid Row[8] through the clearance of decaying buildings.[9] The program was presented to property owners in the area as an economy measure. Gilbert Morris, then superintendent of building, said that at that point the provision of free social services to the approximately one square mile of Skid Row cost the city over $5 million per year as opposed to the city average of $110,000 per square mile annually.[8] The city used administrative hearings to compel the destruction of nuisance properties at the expense of the owner. By July 1960, the clearance program was said to be 87% complete in the Skid Row area.[9]

Additionally, with increased building codes during the 1960s, owners of residential hotels found demolition to be more cost-effective than adhering to repairs. The total number of these buildings is estimated to have dropped from 15,000 to 7,500 over the following ten years. With the loss of half of the affordable housing provided by the hotels, many residents of the area found themselves homeless.[10]

1970s through present

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Skid Row was established by city officials in 1976 as an unofficial "containment zone", where shelters and services for homeless people would be tolerated.[11]

During the 1970s, two Catholic Workers — Catherine Morris, a former nun, and her husband, Jeff Dietrich — founded the "Hippie Kitchen" in the back of a van. Over forty years later, in March 2019, aged 84 and 72, they remained active in their work feeding Skid Row residents.[12]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, many veterans of the Vietnam War found themselves drawn to Skid Row, due to the services and missions already in place there, and feeling outcast from other areas. Like those after World War II, many of them ended up on the streets. It was around this time that the demographics of Skid Row shifted from predominantly white and elderly to those here today [see Demographics].[10]

1987 crackdowns

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In February 1987, LAPD chief Daryl Gates, backed by then-Mayor Tom Bradley, announced plans for another crackdown on the homeless on Skid Row.[13] Police and firefighters conducted a number of sweeps through the area but the plan was abandoned due to opposition by advocates for the homeless.[13]

When Gates announced in May that the crackdown would resume, Los Angeles City Attorney (and future mayor) James K. Hahn responded that he would not prosecute people arrested in the planned sweeps.[14] Hahn stated that he was "not going to prosecute individuals for not having a place to stay. I simply will not prosecute people for being poor, underprivileged and unable to find a place to sleep until I'm convinced that a viable alternative to sleeping on the streets exists."[14] Gates, still backed by Bradley, responded: "As the elected city attorney of Los Angeles, Mr. Hahn has a responsibility to file prosecutable cases which are presented to him by the Los Angeles Police Department."[13]

A few days later, then-Councilman Zev Yaroslavsky introduced a proposal that the city stop enforcing its anti-camping laws on Skid Row until adequate housing could be found for all its residents.[15] The council rejected Yaroslavsky's proposal, but after hearing testimony from Assistant Police Chief David Dotson describing the LAPD's intended crackdown methodology, the council passed a motion asking Gates not to enforce the anti-camping laws until adequate housing could be found for the area's residents.[15]

Patient dumping

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In September 2005, hospitals and law enforcement agencies were discovered to be "dumping" homeless people on Skid Row. Then-Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa ordered an investigation and William Bratton, LAPD chief at the time, claimed that the department was not targeting homeless people specifically, but only people who violate city ordinances.[16] The Los Angeles City Attorney investigated more than 50 of about 150 reported cases of dumping.[17] By early 2007, the city attorney had filed charges against only one hospital, Kaiser Permanente. Because there were no laws specifically covering the hospital's actions, it was charged, in an untested strategy, with false imprisonment. In response to the lack of legal recourse available to fight patient dumping, California state senator Gil Cedillo sponsored legislation against it in February 2007.[18]

Since Mike Feuer took office as City Attorney in 2013, he has settled eight additional cases of patient dumping with various hospitals around Los Angeles. These cases have been a part of a larger attempt to solve the issue, in addition to working with some hospitals on long term solutions. The total settlements from all eight have been over 4 million dollars.[19]

2000 to present

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In 2002, newly appointed LAPD chief William Bratton announced a plan to clean up Skid Row by, among other things, aggressively enforcing an old anti-camping ordinance.[20] Robert Lee Purrie, for instance, was cited twice for violating the ordinance in December 2002 and January 2003 and his possessions: "blankets, clothes, cooking utensils, a hygiene kit," and so on, were confiscated by the police.[20]

 
The Midnight Mission on Skid Row

In April 2006, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in its suit against the city of Los Angeles, filed on behalf of Purrie and five other homeless people, finding that the city was in violation of the 8th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and sections of the California Constitution guaranteeing due process and equal protection and prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment.[20] The court stated that "the LAPD cannot arrest people for sitting, lying, or sleeping on public sidewalks in Skid Row." The court said that the anti-camping ordinance is "one of the most restrictive municipal laws regulating public spaces in the United States."[20]

The ACLU sought a compromise in which the LAPD would be barred from arresting homeless people or confiscating their possessions on Skid Row between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 6:30 a.m. The compromise plan, which was accepted by the city of Los Angeles, permits sleeping on the sidewalk except "within 10 feet of any business or residential entrance" and only between these hours.[21]

Downtown development business interests and the Central City East Association (CCEA) came out against the compromise. On September 20, 2006, Los Angeles City Council voted to reject the compromise.[22] On October 3, 2006, police arrested Skid Row's transients for sleeping on the streets for the first time in months.[23] On October 10, 2006, under pressure from the ACLU, the city tacitly agreed to the compromise by declining to appeal the court's decision.[21]

In 2012, the Skid Row Running Club was founded by Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Craig Mitchell, as an effort to improve the livelihood of those in the area. A documentary, entitled “Skid Row Marathon” was made about the group, which includes homeless, police officers, and convicted felons.[24]

The city came to an agreement in May of 2019 that removed the limit on the number of possessions kept on the street in the neighborhood. The agreement allows the city to still seize any items that threaten public safety and health, as well as large “bulky items.” This includes most pieces of furniture or appliances. Items that do not fall into those categories will be stored for 90 days. If an item is deemed important enough, such as medication, it must be able to be claimed within 24 hours.[25]

Crime  (Additional Section)

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[26] [27]

  • Skid Row has been known to be heavily associated with high crime rate. In 2005, theft from auto, aggravated assault, motor vehicle theft, and robbery made up 59% of the crime. Of all crimes in the LAPD Central Area, which includes Skid Row and other areas, Skid Row constituted 58.96%. [ref].
  • Within the first two years of the  Safer Cities Initiative 18,000 arrests were made and 24,000 citations were given for non-violent offenses such as jaywalking, littering, and sitting on the sidewalk. This is 69 times the rate of policing in the rest of Los Angeles [ref].


Policies and Initiatives (Additional Section)

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[28] [29] [30] [31] [32]

Skid Row has been subject to a number of municipal policies, each having various levels of defined success. ((Below will be a wikipedia-table laying out each of these policies with historical, operational, and potential social impacts))

Date Policy Name Reason for Policy Impact of Policy Currently Operational Notes

Culture (Additional Section)

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Skid Row is home to many artists[33]. Due to its location bordering districts such as the Historic Core and the Arts District, Skid Row often hosts events that cross neighborhood borders.[34] The Los Angeles Poverty Department (LAPD) provides artistic resources to Skid Row, primarily in the form of theatre classes and performances.[35] Reviewed consistently in popular Los Angeles news sources[36], LAPD has received glowing reviews. Los Angeles Times journalist Margaret Gray claimed that audience members “somehow felt like part of a family” when the performers were on stage and noted “while many charitable organizations focus on warehousing and policing homeless populations, LAPD attempts to remind them of their unique humanity, to empower them to take collective responsibility for their neighborhood and one another’s health and safety”.[37] The organization also puts on the Festival for All Skid Row Artists, which is celebrating its 10th year.[38]

Many organizations in the area provide cultural support.[39][40] The "Skid Row City Limits Mural" was created solely by volunteers to express the community’s feelings about the history and modern state of the neighborhood [see Landmarks]. The "Dear Neighbor Mural" is another Skid Row art piece, aimed at making housing a right for all citizens.[41] In addition, Skid Row Karaoke is a long time tradition of residents, which is weekly and open to all.[42]

Government and infrastructure (No Changes)

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Transportation (No Changes)

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Landmarks (No Changes)

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Notable residents (No Changes)

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See also (No Changes)

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References (Existing, with Some Changes/Additions)

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  1. ^ "3527 - Homeless Count 2019 Skid Row Data Summary" (PDF). www.lahsa.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  2. ^ "3527 - Homeless Count 2019 Skid Row Data Summary" (PDF). www.lahsa.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  3. ^ "Downtown". Mapping L.A. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  4. ^ a b Irvine, Huston (March 26, 1939). "Skid Row Serenade". Los Angeles Times. p. I6.
  5. ^ "444 F.3d 1118". Bulk.resource.org. Archived from the original on 2010-05-17. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  6. ^ Wild, Mark (2 June 2008). Street Meeting: Multiethnic Neighborhoods in Early Twentieth-century Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-520-94176-2. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  7. ^ Boyle, Hal (June 14, 1947). "Skid Row; The West's Bowery". Evening Independent. p. 10.
  8. ^ a b Stern, Walter H. (June 28, 1956). "Wide Fight Urged on Decay in Cities". The New York Times. p. 48.
  9. ^ a b Sibley, John (July 3, 1960). "Slum Landlords Under Cities' Fire". The New York Times. p. 1.
  10. ^ a b "History of Downtown Los Angeles' "Skid Row"". LA Chamber of Commerce.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Flaming, Daniel; Blasi, Gary (2019-09-19). "The US city where tens of thousands sleep rough". BBC News. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
  12. ^ Mar 14, Mary Reinholz |; 2019 | 0 | (2019-03-14). "Former Pasadena nun Catherine Morris and her husband Jeff Dietrich dedicate their lives to helping the homeless living on Skid Row". Pasadena Weekly. Retrieved 2019-11-08. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b c Boyarsky, Bill; McMillan, Penelope (May 30, 1987). "L.A. City Attorney, Mayor Tangle Over Police Plan to Jail Homeless". Los Angeles Times. p. A13.
  14. ^ a b Boyarsky, Bill; McMillan, Penelope (May 30, 1987). "Won't Prosecute Homeless Who Are Arrested—Hahn". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  15. ^ a b McMillan, Penelope (June 3, 1987). "L.A. Council Asks Police to Scrap Arrests of Homeless Unless Rooms Are Available". Los Angeles Times (Orange County ed.). p. A11.
  16. ^ Cook, Joseph G.; Malone, Linda A.; Marcus, Paul; Moohr, Geraldine Szott (17 July 2012). Criminal Law. LexisNexis. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-57911-678-1. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  17. ^ Jansson, Bruce S. (2011). Becoming an Effective Policy Advocate: From Policy Practice to Social Justice. Cengage Learning. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-495-81239-5. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  18. ^ Winton, Richard; Blankenstein (February 22, 2007). "California bill would ban patient dumping". Herald-Journal. p. 4.
  19. ^ Regardie, Jon. "The Ugly History of Downtown Patient 'Dumping'". Los Angeles Downtown News - The Voice of Downtown Los Angeles. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  20. ^ a b c d Weinstein, Henry; DiMassa, Cara Mia (April 15, 2006). "Justices Hand L.A.'s Homeless a Victory; In a case with national import, a federal appeals court rules the LAPD cannot arrest people for sitting, lying or sleeping on skid row sidewalks". Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A1. ProQuest 422101669.(subscription required)
  21. ^ a b Moore, Solomon (October 31, 2007). "Some Respite, if Little Cheer, for Skid Row Homeless". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  22. ^ "Handing Skid Row to the drug dealers". Los Angeles Times. 2006-09-20. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  23. ^ "LAPD Gentrifies Skid Row". Colorlines. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  24. ^ "Los Angeles judge who started Skid Row running club the focus of new documentary". ABC7 Los Angeles. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  25. ^ "L.A. agrees to let homeless people keep skid row property — and some in downtown aren't happy". Los Angeles Times. 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  26. ^ Blasi, Gary (September 15, 2008). "Has the Safer Cities Initiative in Skid Row Reduced Serious Crime?" (PDF). UCLA Department of Sociology.
  27. ^ Stuart, Forrest (2011). "Constructing Police Abuse after Rodney King: How Skid Row Residents and the Los Angeles Police Department Contest Video Evidence". Law & Social Inquiry. 36 (2): 327–353. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01234.x. ISSN 0897-6546. JSTOR 23011895. S2CID 142934058.
  28. ^ "History Timeline". Skid Row Housing Trust. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  29. ^ "What Is Skid Row?". Union Rescue Mission. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  30. ^ "Program: Safer Cities Initiative - CrimeSolutions.gov". www.crimesolutions.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  31. ^ Culhane, Dennis P. (2010). "Tackling Homelessness in Los Angeles' Skid Row: The Role of Policing Strategies and the Spatial Deconcentration of Homelessness". Criminology and Public Policy. 9 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2010.00675.x.
  32. ^ "Policing Skid Row: Is the Safer Cities Initiative the Right Approach?". Manhattan Institute. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
  33. ^ "The Hundreds of Artists Living in LA's Skid Row". Hyperallergic. 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  34. ^ Collins, Brady; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia (June 2016). "Skid Row, Gallery Row and the space in between: cultural revitalisation and its impacts on two Los Angeles neighbourhoods". Town Planning Review. 87 (4): 401–427. doi:10.3828/tpr.2016.27. ISSN 0041-0020.
  35. ^ "Making the Case for Skid Row Culture: Findings from a Collaborative Inquiry by the Los Angeles Poverty Department (LAPD) and the Urban Institute | Animating Democracy". animatingdemocracy.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  36. ^ Department, Los Angeles Poverty (2005-05-30). "LAPD Press Coverage". lapovertydept.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  37. ^ "Review: Public safety was the theme. Los Angeles Poverty Department made this show so much more". Los Angeles Times. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  38. ^ Department, LA Poverty (2014-11-16). "Festival for All Skid Row Artists". lapovertydept.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  39. ^ "Dear Neighbor Mural on the 10". www.thepeopleconcern.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  40. ^ Collins, Brady; Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia (June 2016). "Skid Row, Gallery Row and the space in between: cultural revitalisation and its impacts on two Los Angeles neighbourhoods". Town Planning Review. 87 (4): 401–427. doi:10.3828/tpr.2016.27. ISSN 0041-0020.
  41. ^ "Dear Neighbor Mural on the 10". www.thepeopleconcern.org. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  42. ^ Barragan, Bianca (2016-04-12). "General Jeff's Neighborhood Guide to LA's Skid Row". Curbed LA. Retrieved 2019-11-04.

Further reading (No Changes)

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