Anti small RNA
edit
Antisense small RNA are short RNA sequences (about 50-500 nucleotides long) that are complementary to other small RNA (sRNA) in the cell.[2]
sRNAs can repress translation via complementary base-pairing with their target mRNA sequence.[3] Anti-sRNAs function by complementary pairing with sRNAs before the mRNA can be bound, thus freeing the mRNA and relieving translation inhibition.[1]
Function
editAntisense small RNA are found in all of life including Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea.[4][5] They are non-coding RNA sequences involved in regulatory processes, metabolism, and aiding transcription.[4]
Antisense RNA can also be engineered and utilized by scientists to perform experimental functions.[6]
Identification Methods
editNumerous studies have been performed to identify potential antisense sRNA candidates. Recent experiments have used Northern blot analysis and 5'-end mapping to correctly identify potential antisense sRNA candidates.[7] In 2019, a new algorithm called APERO was established which allows the detection of small transcripts from paired-end bacterial RNA-seq data. [8] RNA-seq is a popular method used for the identification of small RNA.[8] However, while reliable for eukaryotic sRNA, it remains inaccurate for bacterial sRNA.[8]
Examples
editAsxR
edit
AsxR, previously known as EcOnc02, is an anti-sRNA encoded within the 3' region of the stx2B gene of E.Coli bacteria.[1] It acts to increase expression of the ChuS heme oxygenase via destabilisation of FnrS sRNA.[1] This aids bacterial infection of the animal host gut.[1]
AgvB
editAgvB, previously known as EcOnc01, inhibits GcvB sRNA repression.[1] Pathogenicity island associated AgvB aids enterohemorrhagic E. coli growth at the colonized site within the host animal.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Tree, Jai J.; Granneman, Sander; McAteer, Sean P.; Tollervey, David; Gally, David L. (2014-07-17). "Identification of Bacteriophage-Encoded Anti-sRNAs in Pathogenic Escherichia coli". Molecular Cell. 55 (2): 199–213. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.006. ISSN 1097-2765. PMC 4104026. PMID 24910100.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Bhatt, Shantanu; Egan, Marisa; Jenkins, Valerie; Muche, Sarah; El-Fenej, Jihad (2016). "The Tip of the Iceberg: On the Roles of Regulatory Small RNAs in the Virulence of Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 6. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00105. ISSN 2235-2988.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Großhans, Helge; Filipowicz, Witold (2008-01). "The expanding world of small RNAs". Nature. 451 (7177): 414–416. doi:10.1038/451414a. ISSN 1476-4687.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Bernick, David L.; Dennis, Patrick P.; Lui, Lauren M.; Lowe, Todd M. (2012). "Diversity of Antisense and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Archaea Revealed by Comparative Small RNA Sequencing in Four Pyrobaculum Species". Frontiers in Microbiology. 3. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00231. ISSN 1664-302X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Figueroa-Bossi, Nara; Valentini, Martina; Malleret, Laurette; Bossi, Lionello (2009-09-01). "Caught at its own game: regulatory small RNA inactivated by an inducible transcript mimicking its target". Genes & Development. 23 (17): 2004–2015. doi:10.1101/gad.541609. ISSN 0890-9369. PMID 19638370.
- ^ Rodrigo, Guillermo; Prakash, Satya; Cordero, Teresa; Kushwaha, Manish; Jaramillo, Alfonso (2016-02-27). "Functionalization of an Antisense Small RNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. Engineering Tools and Prospects in Synthetic Biology. 428 (5, Part B): 889–892. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.12.022. ISSN 0022-2836.
- ^ Thomason, Maureen Kiley; Storz, Gisela (2010). "Bacterial antisense RNAs: How many are there and what are they doing?". Annual review of genetics. 44: 167–188. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163523. ISSN 0066-4197. PMC 3030471. PMID 20707673.
- ^ a b c Leonard, Simon; Meyer, Sam; Lacour, Stephan; Nasser, William; Hommais, Florence; Reverchon, Sylvie (2019-09-05). "APERO: a genome-wide approach for identifying bacterial small RNAs from RNA-Seq data". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (15): e88–e88. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz485. ISSN 0305-1048.