Universal's early horror films began with known adapting work from familiar authors and texts to give their films a prestige appeal. These included Dracula (1931), whose success led to the production of other works such as Frankenstein.[1][2] Frankenstein's ending was changed by studio head Carl Laemmle Jr., who wanted Universal to be able deploy key characters from Frankenstein into subsequent films.[2] Following the release of other Universal films like The Mummy and Bride of Frankenstein (1935), few horror films were released in the next few following years.[3][4][5] [5][6] Universal only returned to horror film production following a successful re-release of Dracula and Frankenstein which led to the release of Son of Frankenstein (1939).[3][4][5] [5][6]
Universal would only introduce a few new monsters in the 1940s, with the most famous being Lon Chaney Jr. as The Wolf Man.[7] The decade had Universal's horror output include many remakes and sequels to films often directly reused or recombined old sets, scenes and even footage and narratives to replicate certain moments in older horror films.[8] Universal Studios's first transmedia property was from the 1940s and 1950s with the films Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein.[9] In these films, the monsters from the studio's earlier films "team up" against various characters. Author Megan De Bruin-Molé suggested that the Universal Classic Monsters film exists as a loose mash-up, which allowed for Dracula to exist and be watched separately from Frankenstein but allowed their characters to be systemically and consistently brought together and developed in other films and media.[10]
The Universal productions made were often crossovers and sequels, such as Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein and several occurrences in comedy films of Abbott and Costello meeting the monster starting with Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1945) and ending with Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955).[10][11] De Bruin-Molé wrote that Universal's approach to combining the films was made for commercial marketing terms, as having all the monsters would establish the company as the "real" home of horror and that their films contain a world where potentially all monsters may habitate.[12] The sole new monster movies Universal produced in the 1950s were the Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) and The Mummy (1959) which was co-produced with the British Hammer Film Productions.[13]
Towards the 1960s the Universal monsters grew beyond film and became more consistent transmedial. Initially, this was in 1957 when Universal struck a ten-year television deal with Screen Gems to distribute 52 of their own titles.[13] These television screenings and the films being included on Mel Jass' Mel's Matinee Movie (1958-1979) would also prove to be popular, with the director Stephen Sommers, director of The Mummy (1999) stating that his introduction to the series was owed as much to screening's on Jass's program as it was the film's directors.[14] Universal became part of Music Corporation of America (MCA) in 1962. By 1964, Universal Studios tours would eventually include appearances from Frankenstein's monster while other mediums featured the Universal monsters in tandem such as Bobby "Boris" Pickett's 1962 popular song "Monster Mash" and the television series The Munsters (1964).[15]
In 1990, Universal was part of a merger between Matsushita, now known as Panasonic, and several other corporations. Between 1991 and 1995 Universal released home video VHS editions of many of its horror films, and was the first time these films were packed together as "Classic Monster" line with a newly designed logo.[15] Before this, these films featuring multiple monsters were called "Super-Shocker[s]" or later "monster rallies"[16] Louis Feola was the head of Worldwide Home Video for Universal Studios and said in 1999 that "a couple of years ago" he decided to "reinvigorate and re-market" Universal's Classic Monsters catalog which included the series Dracula, Frankenstein, The Invisible Man, The Phantom of the Opera, The Wolf Man, and The Mummy.[17] In 1992, in an interview with Billboard, Feola stated that to market and sell home video, the most important thing was the packaging of their sales which was "probably our single biggest priority and has been for a number of years", and that it was key to make the series of films "look like a line".[18]
The 1990s also saw a trend in the merchandising of Universal Monsters material as part of a trend for the decade of recycling and reinventing old material from the past.[15] This led to the release of Sommer's The Mummy (1999) and a "monster rally"-styled film with Van Helsing (2004).[19]
References edit
- ^ Mank 1981, p. 13.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 5.
- ^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 63.
- ^ a b Weaver, Brunas & Brunas 2007, p. 120.
- ^ a b c d Chibnall & Petley 2002, p. 59.
- ^ a b Worland 2007, p. 68.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 8.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 12.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 3.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 6.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 9.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 11.
- ^ a b De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 13.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 14.
- ^ a b c De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 14–15.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, p. 4.
- ^ Bessman 1999.
- ^ McCullaugh 1992, p. 63.
- ^ De Bruin-Molé 2022, pp. 15–16.
Sources edit
- Bessman, Jim (September 4, 1999). "Glass Scores 'Dracula' For Universal; Will Tour in Support". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 36. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
- Chibnall, Steve; Petley, Julian (2002). British Horror Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23004-7.
- De Bruin-Molé, Megan (2022). "Do the Monster Mash: Universal's "Classic Monsters" and the Industrialization of the Gothic Transmedia Franchise". In Neill, Natalie (ed.). Gothic Mash-Ups: Hybridity, Appropriation, and Intertextuality in Gothic Storytelling. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1793636575.
- Mank, Gregory William (1981). It's Alive! The Classic Cinema Saga of Frankenstein. A.S. Barnes & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-498-02473-3.
- McCullaugh, Jim (October 24, 1992). "Sell-Thru Sales Judged by Cover". Billboard. Vol. 104, no. 43.
- Rhodes, Gary D. (2014). Tod Browning's Dracula. Tomahawk Press. ISBN 978-0-9566834-5-8.
- Weaver, Tom; Brunas, Michael; Brunas, John (2007) [1990]. Universal Horrors (2 ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2974-5.
- Worland, Rick (2007). The Horror Film: A Brief Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3902-1.