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List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea (copied the 09:32, 7 March 2022 version, and making more edits and updates here before publishing them)

List of fact-finding reports on human rights in North Korea
General typePublications
Items listedFact-finding reports
TopicHuman rights
Period1977-present
Geographical focusNorth Korea (DPRK)
Inclusion criteriaFact-focused reports published by notable institutions in the inquiry and deliberations on the situation of H.R. in the DPRK
Sorting criteriaReports are generally first grouped by publishing entity type and entity, then by thematic type, then listed chronologically
Part of a series on
Human rights in North Korea
Human rights abuses
Political prisons (Kwanliso)
Re-education camps (Kyohwaso)
Abductions and POWs
International reactions

Publications reporting the factual situation of human rights in North Korea (DPRK) are the basis upon which policies are shaped and society mobilized. This article includes those fact-finding publications issued by the United Nations, governments, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)/ civil society entities.[1][2]

This article focuses on listing fact-finding reports, which distinguish themselves from other publications such as pamphlets, news articles, books, or journal articles, in that they are meant to aggregate information from multiple sources and provide a balanced, overall view of the topic covered for the non-commercial purpose of informing the general public and policy makers. These reports tend to rely more on the credibility of their publishing institutions than on their individual authors. Fact-finding reports are also distinct from policy briefs as the latter ground their analysis and recommendations on the facts laid out in the former. The inclusion is based on the notability (and not the concurrence to any particular view) of the publishing institutions to the inquiry and deliberations on the situation in North Korea.

This list lays out the evolution of the reporting efforts, with a first wave of reports by human rights NGOs just describing the general characteristics of the regime, followed by another wave of civil society and governmental reports with some more details, then prompting the United Nations to also exercise greater scrutiny and pursue its own investigations.[3]

The vast majority of reports (except those published by the DPRK itself, also included in this article) point to a very grave situation, with human rights systematically violated by the North Korean government.

Efforts to continue to investigate and document the situation of human rights in the DPRK are on-going, given that there are no indications of substantial improvements in the regime's policies, and despite the continued isolation of the regime that limits outside investigators' access to the country and to its general population.[4]

Introduction and overview edit

Historical context edit

Main articles: History of North Korea and History of South Korea
 
The Korean peninsula, with China and Russia as its Northern neighbors, and Japan to the East and South

Korea had for centuries been a high-ranking tributary state within the Imperial Chinese tributary system,[i] until in the late 19th century Japan began to assert greater control over the Korean peninsula, culminating in its annexation in 1910. It remained a colony of Japan, until Japan lost World War II in 1945.[ii][iii][iv][v]

At the end of WWII, with Japan stripped of its colonial territories, the Korean peninsula became a United Nations trusteeship, with the northern half administered by the Soviet Union, and the southern half administered by the United States.[vi][vii][viii] The ultimate stated plan was to allow Korea as a whole to become again a united and independent country.[ix][x] Disagreements among the parties on how and when to implement the united self-rule led to the two territories establishing their own separate and rival governments.[xi][xii][xiii][xiv] The Korean War (1950-1953) was the last attempt to reunify the peninsula by force, but it ended in stalemate and it entrenched two very different regimes.[xv][xvi][xvii]

Within the Soviet and American spheres respectively, the North became a Stalinist totalitarian regime uninterruptedly led by the Kim family,[xviii] and the South became a capitalist society that until 1987 included short periods of unstable democracy as well as longer periods of authoritarian rule, including over 25 years of right-wing military rule.[xix]

Propped by their allies, North and South experienced rapid economic growth after the Korean War, but in the 1970s the North's growth faltered[xx] while the South's accelerated.[xxi]

 
2014 Night satellite photograph of the Korean peninsula; showing the bordering territories of China and Russia at the top, North Korea in the center, and South Korea in the bottom-right

While South Korea had a period of military autocracy, mass mobilizations of its citizens forced its end in 1987. This led to the modern South Korea being a young, more stable democracy with a prosperous free market economy.[xxi][xix] Meanwhile, North Korea's totalitarian regime kept a stronger grip on its society, which was never able to mobilize to demand reforms. Its command economy stagnated in the 1970s, and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union it spiraled into crisis in the 1990s, leading to a massive famine. North Korea remains to this day as one of the most isolated countries in the world, with a struggling economy, within an isolationist, militaristic, and totalitarian regime.[xix]

Chronology and major themes edit

The reporting of human rights in the DPRK follows the progression of the modern movement of human rights, which from the 1970s civil society and governmental efforts made violations more visible to the general public and in international politics.[5][6][7]

Given the opacity of the DPRK's regime, especially before the 1990s, little was known about the situation of human rights.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The few reports that were issued at that time made note of the lack of concrete information, mostly only being able to describe the general characteristics of the country's political system.[11][8][15] Amnesty International, founded in 1961,[16] began to issue some basic reports on the DPRK in 1977.[17][9] In 1979 the US's Department of State also began to cover the DPRK in its Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.[18]

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the subsequent North Korean famine of the 1990s, a higher number of individuals began to flee the country, and more first-person accounts began to be collected by human rights organizations.[3] That was also followed in the early 2000s by greater availability of satellite imagery.[10] South Korea, having itself transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democracy in the late 1980s, began to publish reports in 1996 through its governmental think tank Korea Institute for National Unification.[19][20] In the late 1990s and 2000s several NGOs specialized on North Korea emerged and began to publish their own research: Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (1996),[2][21] Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (2001),[22][23][24][3] Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (2003),[25][26][27] People for Successful Corean Reunification (2006).[28][29][30][31] Around the same time some other world-wide human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Christian Solidarity Worldwide also began to publish reports on the DPRK.

As reports from NGOs and governments began to reveal more details on the human rights situation in the DPRK during the 1990s and 2000s, these concerns were elevated to the United Nations, where various UN bodies and parties also began to express a growing concern on the situation and opacity of the regime.[32][33][34][35][3] The mounting evidence being collected and published by governments and civil society led in 2004 to the establishment of the mandate for the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK, issuing reports annually.[36]

The growing amount of information, and the grave situation it increasingly revealed, led the United Nations General Assembly[37] and the UN Human Rights Council (HRC)[38][39][40] to repeatedly pass resolutions officially expressing their concerns and urging the DPRK's government to change its ways.[33][34][35][41]

Ten years later, further joint efforts by the UN Special Rapporteur, governments, and NGOs[2] led to the establishment of a special one-time investigation unprecedented in depth and breadth[42] commissioned by the Human Rights Council, with a landmark report published in 2014.[43][44][33][45][3] It was deemed the most authoritative report up to that point.[46][44][47] The report unequivocally concluded that the DPRK regime committed gross and systematic violations of human rights including freedom of thought, expression and religion; freedom from discrimination; freedom of movement and residence; and the right to food,[45] as well as crimes against humanity entailing "extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation".[33][48][49]

The UN's fact-finding process continues to yield periodical reports, which greatly rely on and are underpinned by the also on-going research and publishing conducted by NGOs and governmental agencies.[35][50][51][2][42][4][7]

Increased awareness of human rights abuses has led to efforts in shaping policy and pressuring the North Korean regime.[1] However the pursuit for the improvement of human rights in the DPRK has had to contend with the efforts of preventing a nuclear weapons escalation.[1][42] Further, the isolationist and totalitarian nature of the regime has also meant that information and freedom of movement of its population as well as that of foreigners is still tightly controlled, making extremely challenging to document abuses on the ground,[4] including having access to imagery (other than satellite imagery) that could inspire greater action.[42]

United Nations edit

 
Cover of the Korean version of the UN's Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the DPRK

The United Nations has issued four main kinds of reports on the human rights of North Korea.

The first are a series of documents intended to be recommendations from Treaty-based bodies, which are issued by those bodies to each country that is party to it (in contrast to charter-based bodies, which all UN members are part of). These treaty-based bodies that North Korea has decided to be a party to include the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Committee on the Rights of the Child, and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The first document of this kind was issued in 1998 (Convention on the Rights of the Child); the second was in 2001 (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), after a 17-year delay in North Korea submitting the required information to the committee.[52][53]

Prompted by growing evidence provided by human rights NGOs, during the 1990s and 2000s various UN bodies and parties expressed greater concern on the situation of human rights in North Korea and the opacity of the country's government.[32][33][34][35][7] That led to another series of reports that were started by the UN Commission on Human Rights (the predecessor of the UN Human Rights Council), which established the mandate for the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the DPRK in 2004, issuing reports annually.[54][55] They are issued in detail to the Human Rights Council, and in a more condensed form to the General Assembly.

The United Nations also conducts a Universal Periodic Review (every 3 or 4 years, in which all UN members are subject to a review on their human rights practices), with the first report on North Korea issued in 2010.[56][57][58][59]

Finally, the most notable one was the 2014 Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the DPRK, considered a landmark document resulting from a special in-depth, one-time investigation commissioned by the Human Rights Council,[43][44][33][45][2] It was deemed the most authoritative report up to that point.[46][44][47]

2014 Commission of inquiry edit

Main article: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
  • UN Human Rights Council (25th session) (February 7, 2014), Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/25/63), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[54][43][44][33][45][60]
  • UN Human Rights Council (25th session) (February 7, 2014), Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (A/HRC/25/CRP.1), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[54][43][44][33][45][60]

Universal Periodic Review edit

 
Presentation of the 2014 Commission of Inquiry Report on North Korea at the UN Human Rights Council

Secretary General edit

Special Rapporteur edit

Special Rapporteur annual reports to the Human Rights Council


Special Rapporteur annual reports to the General Assembly

Other reports edit

Other reports - UN Treaty Bodies
Other reports - UN Charter-based Bodies

Governmental reports edit

North Korea edit

North Korea published a report on its own human rights situation, as a rebuttal to the 2014 United Nations report.[44][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][47][60] It has also submitted reports to the United Nations.

Reports to the United Nations edit

South Korea edit

 
Cover of the White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2017

The Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU; formerly the Research Institute for National Unification) opened the Center for North Korean Human Rights in 1994 to collect and manage systematically all source materials and objective data concerning North Korean human rights; and from 1996, KINU has been publishing every year the ‘White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea’ in Korean and in English.[19][69][70][71] Other reports, including reports by the U.S. government, use South Korea KINU's reports as part of their sources. Another South Korean governmental institution publishing research on human rights in the DPRK is the National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK).[72]

Annual general reports (Korea Institute for National Unification) edit

Thematic reports (KINU and NHRCK) edit

United States edit

 
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2000 report cover

The United States government, through its Department of State's (DOS) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor has published annually Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, that beginning in 1979 included North Korea.[18] Also, two different bodies within the U.S. government have published reports on religious freedom: the Department of State (since 2001),[73] and U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCRIF; since 2003). Finally, the DOS' Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons also publishes Trafficking in Persons Reports (TIP) that include some coverage of North Korea. The TIP reports series began in 2001, following the passing of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, with North Korea beginning to be briefly covered starting in the 2003 report,[74][75] and more fully covered beginning in 2005.[76]

The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices issued by the DOS noted every year the difficulty of having detailed an up-to-date information, and instead relying on sparse information collected over several years. This was especially the case in the during the 1970s and 80s, and began to change in the 1990s with more witness accounts, while continuing to note a lack of more detailed and more timely information.[12] As more reports became available, the DOS and USCRIF reports have frequently cited reports from the United Nations, South Korea's Korea Institute for National Unification (starting in 1996), nonprofits (especially the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea and Data Center for North Korean Human Rights, since their establishment in the 2000s), and from the press.[50]

Annual general reports edit

Annual general reports 1980-1999

Annual general reports 2000–present


Religious freedom reports (Department of State) edit


Religious freedom reports (Commission on International Religious Freedom) edit

Trafficking in Persons Reports edit

Other edit

Human rights organizations specialized on North Korea (based in South Korea) edit

Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights edit

The Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR; South Korea-based nonprofit founded in 1996) works in researching and disseminating information about the human rights violations in North Korea. It also runs assistance programs for North Korean defectors.[2][78][21]

Database Center for North Korean Human Rights edit

The Database Center for North Korean Human Rights (NKDB; South Korea-based nonprofit founded in 2003)[25][26][27] specializes in collecting and analyzing and maintaining a database of human rights abuses, which as of 2022 included the accounts of over 52,000 individuals and 82,000 cases of human rights violations.[79][80]

Annual general reports edit

  • 2007 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, 2007
  • 2008 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Jul 22, 2008
  • 2009 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Sep 11, 2009
  • 2010 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 5, 2010
  • 2011 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 31, 2011
  • 2012 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Aug 31, 2012
  • 2013 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 20, 2013
  • 2014 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Nov 30, 2014
  • 2014 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 22, 2014
  • 2015 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, Dec 16, 2015
  • 2020 White Paper on North Korean Human Rights, March 22, 2021, ISBN 979-11-90000-22-2

Religious freedom edit

  • 2008 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2009 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2010 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2011 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2012 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2013 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2014 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2015 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • 2016 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea
  • An, Hyunmin; Yoon, Yeo-sang; Chung, Jai-ho (2018), 2018 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea, ISBN 978-89-93739-61-9
  • Ahn, Hyun-min; Yoon, Yeosang; Chung, Jai-ho, 2020 White Paper on Religious Freedom in North Korea

Other thematic reports edit

Other organizations edit

Human rights organizations specialized on North Korea (based outside South Korea) edit

Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (U.S.-based) edit

 
Cover of the 2012 edition of The Hidden Gulag - The Lives and Voices of 'Those Who are Sent to the Mountains'

The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK; U.S.-based non-profit established in 2001) is known for its original research based on its adept[22][23][24][1] use of satellite imagery, defector accounts,[3] and even information coming directly from inside the country.[35][22] Its published research has been relied upon as sources in reports issued by the United Nations and governments.[35][50][51][3] HRNK has issued three types of reports: reports analyzing the situation on prison camps,[1] reports on other human rights issues in the country, and reports on North Korea's leadership and institutions, as well as policy briefings addressed at the international community. The first two types of reports are listed here.

Reports on prison camps edit

Other thematic reports edit

Submissions to the United Nations edit

Other organizations edit

Human rights organizations edit

Amnesty International edit

Amnesty International (AI; based in the United Kingdom, established in 1961) annual report The state of the world's human rights[17][42] initially included a brief mention of most countries, growing in later years to devoting 1-2 pages to the analysis of the situation of human rights in each country, including North Korea in 1977.[17][9][1] Through the 1970s, 1980s the organization noted that its ability to report on human rights in the country was severely hampered by the opacity of the regime, and only being able to recount some scant reports.[9][8] This began to change in the 1990s when some more information became available. Also since that point AI has also issued other stand-alone reports specific to human rights issues in North Korea.

Annual general reports edit

Annual general reports 1977-1999

Annual general reports 2000–present

Thematic reports edit

Submissions to the United Nations edit

Human Rights Watch edit

Human Rights Watch (HRW; based in the United States, established in 1978) publishes annually a World Report. Below are listed the sections of those annual reports that focus on the situation in North Korea. HRW has produced world reports since 1989 covering a limited number of countries, and it began to devote a section to the DPRK in 2004.[81][82][1][42]

Annual general reports edit

Thematic reports edit

Other organizations edit

Reports by other kinds of organizations edit

Bar associations edit

Books edit

See also edit

Notes edit

Historical context sources edit

  1. ^ Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 59., p. 59, at Google Books
  2. ^ The Abacus and the Sword; Duus, Peter; Univ of California Press, 1995; pp. 18–24
  3. ^ Yutaka, Kawasaki (1996-08-07). "Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?". Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law. Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  4. ^ "Treaty of Annexation". USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  5. ^ Hook, Glenn D. (2001). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security. p. 491.
  6. ^ Walker, J Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8078-2361-3.
  7. ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 306. ISBN 9780742567177. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  8. ^ Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 18.
  9. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
  10. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-393-32702-1.
  11. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
  12. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211, 507. ISBN 978-0-393-32702-1.
  13. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
  14. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
  15. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 260–263. ISBN 978-0-393-32702-1.
  16. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 278–281. ISBN 978-0-393-32702-1.
  17. ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 122–125.
  18. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9.
  19. ^ a b c Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea (Korean Studies Series, No. 30). Jimoondang. ISBN 978-8988095850.
  20. ^ Ostermann, Christian F. (2011). The Rise and Fall of Détente on the Korean Peninsula, 1970-1974. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center. pp. 18, 19, 26–33. ISBN 9781933549712. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  21. ^ a b Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (1 January 2015). A Dictionary of World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199685691. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2022 – via Google Books.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Goedde, Patricia (August 2010). "Legal Mobilization for Human Rights Protection in North Korea: Furthering Discourse or Discord?". Human Rights Quarterly. 32 (3): 530–574. doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0008. JSTOR 40784055. S2CID 143332430. International human rights networks have publicized the exigencies of human rights violations in North Korea and have mobilized international and domestic laws as part of their respective movements to pressure North Korea on human rights
  2. ^ a b c d e f Yeo, Andrew; Chubb, Danielle, eds. (August 9, 2018). North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks - Activists and Networks. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/978118589543 (inactive 28 February 2022). ISBN 978-1108425490.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2022 (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Gershman, Carl (April 2013). "Review Essay: A Voice from the North Korean Gulag" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 24 (2). United States: National Endowment for Democracy and The Johns Hopkins University Press: 165–173. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0027. S2CID 154838385. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved August 26, 2018. Over the past decade, as tens of thousands of North Koreans have fled the oppressive and famine-stricken country, information about North Korea and its prison camps has begun to reach the outside world. A growing number of reports have been published on conditions inside North Korea, many of them issued by the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (HRNK)=
  4. ^ a b c Tomás Ojea Quintana (UN Special Rapporteur) (18 September 2017), Situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Doc ID A/72/394), UN General Assembly, archived from the original on 4 September 2018, retrieved 17 October 2019, The human rights situation in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has been subject to close international scrutiny for several years. Although restrictions on access for independent human rights monitors have made it challenging to collect up-to-date information, patterns of serious violations continue to be documented by various external sources.
  5. ^ Lawson, Edward (Edward H.); Mary Lou Bertucci (1996). United Nations Decade on Human Rights Education, 1995-2005. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-1-56032-362-4. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  6. ^ Neier, Aryeh (2012). The International Human Rights Movement - A History. Princeton University Press. pp. 2–4. ISBN 9780691135151. Archived from the original on 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  7. ^ a b c Tsutsui, Kiyoteru; Wotipka, Christine Min (December 2004). "Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organization". Social Forces. 83 (2). Oxford University Press: 587–620. doi:10.1353/sof.2005.0022. JSTOR 3598341. S2CID 154867497.
  8. ^ a b c Amnesty International (1985), The state of the world's human rights 1985, United Kingdom, p. 221, Amnesty International's work on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), North Korea, was seriously hampered by the fact that the authorities rarely divulge any information about arrests, trials or death sentences.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ a b c d 1977 Amnesty International Report (PDF), Amnesty International, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-25, Amnesty International has carefully monitored all available information from North Korea and can only report that it contains no detailed evidence whatsoever regarding arrests, trials and imprisonment in that country. Furthermore, there appears to be a complete censorship of news relating to human rights violations. Despite its efforts Amnesty International has not been able to trace any information, even positive, on the subject of such rights in North Korea.
  10. ^ a b Cohen, Roberta (November 28, 2012), Challenges to Human Rights Information Gathering in North Korea, USA: Brookings Institution, archived from the original on 2018-03-17, retrieved February 2, 2018, This certainly contrasts with the past when the world was largely in the dark about human rights conditions in North Korea. It was not until 40 years after Kim Il-sung assumed power — in the late 1970s and 80s — that international NGOs first began to report on the human rights situation. More recently with the escape of some 25,000 North Koreans to the South, information has become more plentiful about all aspects of human rights in North Korea. Hundreds of former prisoners and former prison guards are among the defectors and have been providing testimony about their prison experiences. And since 2003, satellite photos of the camps have helped verify the information provided by the former prisoners and guards. North Koreans hiding in China have also been providing information.
  11. ^ a b 1980 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, February 2, 1981, pp. 631–638, archived from the original on February 26, 2022, retrieved February 26, 2022, There was little new information in 1980 on human rights practices in North Korea. Few, if any, significant changes are known to have taken place. Much of this report necessarily is based therefore on information obtained over a period of time. While limited in scope and detail, the information is generally indicative of the human rights situation in North Korea.
  12. ^ a b 1988 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Department of State, February 1989, pp. 834–841, archived from the original on 2018-08-26, retrieved 2022-02-26, The united States has no diplomatic relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). North Korea forbids representatives of governments that do have relations with it, as well as journalists and other invited visitors, the freedom of movement that would enable them to assess effectively human rights conditions there. Most of this report, therefore, is a repeat of previous human rights reports based on information obtained over a period of time extending from well before 1988. While limited in scope and detail, the information is indicative of the human rights situation in North Korea today.
  13. ^ William E. Skillend (Chapter on Korea) (1972). Macadam, Ivison; Grindrod, Muriel; Boas, Ann (eds.). The Annual Register 1971. 213. Great Britain: Longmans, Green and Co Ltd. p. 309. ISBN 0-582-11971-5. [in 1971] News from North Korea continued to be confined to reports of delegations from abroad and meetings of citizens registering praise of Kim Il-song. (...) Comments on the whole Korean situation and on world affairs supported supported reports from visitors to North Korea that the personality of cult had reached a pitch of hysteria
  14. ^ William E. Skillend (Chapter on Korea) (1977). Hodson, H. V.; Rose, Bishakha (eds.). The Annual Register 1976. 218. Great Britain: Longmans, Green and Co Ltd. p. 304. ISBN 0-582-50113-X. The difficulty in interpreting the situation on the Korean peninsula stememed, as in previous years, from the almost total absence of reliable information from North Korea.
  15. ^ a b Day, Alan J.; Hoffman, Verena, eds. (1989). The Annual Register 1988. 230. Great Britain: Longmans Group Limited. p. 359. ISBN 0-582-03829-4. The world's most closed society and the most orthodox present-day practitioner of Stalinism, North Korea had also become an economic failure. Only 30 years earlier it had been richer than then south. (...) Politically the country appeared as ossified as ever. Kim Il Sung, the world's longest-ruling dictator and hailed as the Great Leader, continued to preside over the country, as he had since 1946.
  16. ^ Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike, eds. (2002). "Amnesty International". Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 22–23.
  17. ^ a b c The Online Books Page presents serial archive listings for Amnesty International Annual Report, University of Pennsylvania, archived from the original on 2017-05-02, retrieved February 2, 2018
  18. ^ a b The Online Books Page presents serial archive listings for Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, University of Pennsylvania, archived from the original on 2017-05-02, retrieved March 14, 2017
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External links edit

Category:Lists of publications Category:Human rights in North Korea

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