Computer-Based Test Interpretation in Psychological Assessment
editLEAD for article:
Computer-based test interpretation (CBTI) programs are technological tools that have been commonly used to interpret data in psychological assessments since the 1960s[1]. CBTI programs are used for a myriad of psychological tests, like clinical interviews or problem rating, but are most frequently exercised in psychological and neuropsychological assessments. CBTI programs are either empirically based or clinically based. The empirically based programs, or actuarial assessment programs, use statistical analyses to interpret the data, while the clinically based programs, or automated assessment programs, rely on information from expert clinicians and research. Although CBTI programs are successful in test-retest reliability, there have been major concerns and criticisms regarding the programs' ability to assess inter-rater and internal consistency reliability. Research has shown that the validity of CBTI programs has not been confirmed, due to the varying reports of individual programs. CBTI programs are very efficient in that they save time, reduce human error, are cost effective, and are objective/reliable, yet limited in that they are not always used by adequately trained evaluators or are not integrated with multiple sources of data. As technology continues to transform our modern society, computer-based interpretation programs have the possibility to expand their software and even alleviate some of the current concerns with the programs' methodology.
References
edit- ^ Rome, H. P., Swenson, W. M., Mataya, P., McCarthy, C. E., Pearson, J. S., Keating, F. R., & Hathaway, S. R. (1962). Symposium on automation techniques in personality assessment. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic, 37, 61-82.
Antibiotic Use in Livestock
editSections that I will be editing in the article:
-Drugs and Growth Stimulation
-When Drugs are Given
-How Drugs are Given
Source 1: [1]
(This is information taken from a chart from this source--I could not copy and paste the content to show you what source I am using, so I had to just copy the lines of the chart that I will be using to validate the current information or to add extra relevant information. The antimicrobials that I chose to use from the chart are only the ones that have an effect of growth stimulation, since this is what the wikipedia section focuses on.)
"Lasalocid-Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (BC)
Bacitracin (BMD), bacitracin (Zn)-Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T, S) Increase egg production (C) Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T, S, BC)
Bambermycin- Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T, S, BC)
Carbadox- Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (S)
Laidlomycin Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (BC)
Lincomycin Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, S)
Monensin- Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (BC) Increase milk production efficiency (DC)
Neomycin/oxytetracyclinee- Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T, S); Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (BC)
Penicillin Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T, S)
Roxarsonef Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, T)
Tylosin Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (C, S)
Virginiamycin Increase rate of weight gain/feed efficiency (not used in egg layers) (C, T, S, BC)
Abbreviations: BC, beef cattle; BMD, bacitracin methylene disalicylate; C, chickens; DC, dairy cattle; S, swine; T, turkeys"[1]
Source 2:[2]
"Antibiotics can be given to animals with injections (shots) under their skin or in a muscle, with pills, by mixing in drinking water, or by mixing in with their feed. Injectable antibiotics are normally used in cattle only when they are sick, or are at high risk for getting sick. Using injectable antibiotics means that the animal has to be held or restrained still enough that the injection can be given in a manner that is safe for the animal and the person giving the injection.
The period around weaning, or when calves are separated from their mothers, is a time in which antibiotics are used more commonly than other times. The stress of separation, sometimes along with very variable weather conditions can make calves more vulnerable to pneumonia. For that reason, antibiotics may be included in the feed around that time, in order to prevent pneumonia or help mildly ill cattle recover. Since this illness, if it occurs, occurs in the first 2-3 weeks after the stress, these uses of antibiotics are short-term, focused around that time period, and fed in higher concentrations. Common antibiotics for this use include tetracycline and some sulfas: related medicines are used in people, too.
Another use of feed antibiotics may occur when calves are growing rapidly and approaching their final weight. Calves can develop abscesses (pockets of infection) in their livers when a high percentage of their diet consists of grain. In some cases these abscesses can cause illness in the calf. They result in the liver not being fit for food. To prevent this condition, antibiotics such as tylosin are fed to cattle late in the feeding period."[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Allen, Heather K.; Stanton, Thad B. (2014-01-01). "Altered Egos: Antibiotic Effects on Food Animal Microbiomes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 68 (1): 297–315. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-113052. PMID 25002091.
- ^ a b "Beef Procedures: Antibiotic Use". South Dakota State University. Retrieved 2016-02-17.