Will this be a new section Attention#Components of Attention? There are some pats of that article that already address this, and so you may consider trying to integrate them. The article already cites: Knudsen, Eric I (2007). "Fundamental Components of Attention". Annual Review of Neuroscience 30 (1): 57–78. Which has a different take that Posner did. There seems to be some considerable redundancy in that article, so you may ant to try to streamline it. ShaneTMueller (talk) 01:47, 18 February 2013 (UTC)
Neural correlates of attention
editMost experiments show that one neural correlate of attention is enhanced firing. If a neuron has a certain response to a stimulus when the animal is not attending to the stimulus, then when the animal does attend to the stimulus, the neuron's response will be enhanced even if the physical characteristics of the stimulus remain the same.
In a recent review, Knudsen[1] describes a more general model which identifies four core processes of attention, with working memory at the center:
- Working memory temporarily stores information for detailed analysis.
- Competitive selection is the process that determines which information gains access to working memory.
- Through top-down sensitivity control, higher cognitive processes can regulate signal intensity in information channels that compete for access to working memory, and thus give them an advantage in the process of competitive selection. Through top-down sensitivity control, the momentary content of working memory can influence the selection of new information, and thus mediate voluntary control of attention in a recurrent loop (endogenous attention).[2]
- Bottom-up saliency filters automatically enhance the response to infrequent stimuli, or stimuli of instinctive or learned biological relevance (exogenous attention).[2]
Neurally, at different hierarchical levels spatial maps can enhance or inhibit activity in sensory areas, and induce orienting behaviors like eye movement.
- At the top of the hierarchy, the frontal eye fields (FEF) on the dorsolateral frontal cortex contain a retinocentric spatial map. Microstimulation in the FEF induces monkeys to make a saccade to the relevant location. Stimulation at levels too low to induce a saccade will nonetheless enhance cortical responses to stimuli located in the relevant area.
- At the next lower level, a variety of spatial maps are found in the parietal cortex. In particular, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) contains a saliency map and is interconnected both with the FEF and with sensory areas.
- Certain automatic responses that influence attention, like orienting to a highly salient stimulus, are mediated subcortically by the superior colliculi.
- At the neural network level, it is thought that processes like lateral inhibition mediate the process of competitive selection.
In many cases attention produces changes in the EEG. Many animals, including humans, produce gamma waves (40–60 Hz) when focusing attention on a particular object or activity.[3]
Another commonly used model for the attention system has been put forth by researchers such as Michael Posner divides attention into three functional components: alerting, orienting, and executive attention.[4][5]
- Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the frontal and parietal loves of the right hemisphere, and is modulated by norepinephrine[6][7].
- Orienting is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.
- Executive attention is used when there is a conflict between multiple attention cues. It is essentially the same as the central executive in Baddeley's model of working memory. The Eriksen flanker task has shown that the executive control of attention may take place in the anterior cingulate cortex[8]
Components of Attention
editThroughout the history of psychology, there have been many attempts to divide the topic of attention into subcategories. Most recently, researchers such as Michael Posner have proposed three functional components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention[9][10]. Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward surroundings. It is based in the frontal and parietal lobes of the right hemisphere, and it is modulated by norepinephrine[11][12]. Orienting is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus. Executive attention is involved when there is conflict between multiple attention cues. The Eriksen flanker task has shown that the executive control of attention may take place in the anterior cingulate cortex[13].
- ^ Knudsen, Eric I (2007). "Fundamental Components of Attention". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 30 (1): 57–78. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094256. PMID 17417935.
- ^ a b Pattyn, N.; Neyt, X.; Henderickx, D.; Soetens, E. (2008). "Psychophysiological Investigation of Vigilance Decrement: Boredom or Cognitive Fatigue?". Physiology & Behavior. 93: 369–378. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.09.016.
- ^ Kaiser J, Lutzenberger W (2003). "Induced gamma-band activity and human brain function". Neuroscientist. 9 (6): 475–84. doi:10.1177/1073858403259137. PMID 14678580.
- ^ Posner, M. I., & Boies, S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78(5), 391-408.
- ^ Posner, M. I., & Peterson, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
- ^ Coull, J. T., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Grasby, P. M. (1996). A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: A PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1085-1095
- ^ Marrocco, R. T., Witte, E. A., & Davidson, M. C. (1994). Arousal systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, 166-170.
- ^ Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Flombaum, J. I., Thomas, K. M., & Posner, M. I. (2001). Comparing images of conflict in frontal cortex. Annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, NY.
- ^ Posner, M. I. & Boies, S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78(5), 391-408.
- ^ Posner, M. I. & Peterson, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
- ^ Coull, J. T., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Grasby, P. M. (1996). A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: A PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1085-1095
- ^ Marrocco, R. T., Witte, E. A., & Davidson, M. C. (1994). Aroussal systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, 166-170.
- ^ Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Flombaum, J. I., Thomas, K. M., & Posner, M. I. (2001). Comparing images of conflict in frontal cortex. Annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York, NY.