List of rulers of Uruk edit
| Uruk levels XVIII–III | Reign | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priest-kings |  |
c. 5000 – c. 2900 BC | Various priest-kings of Uruk are represented in reliefs, statues or cylinders, but their names are not known[citation needed] | |
| Uruk I dynasty | Reign | Notes | ||
| Mesh-ki-ang-gasher | c. 2775 BC | son of the god Utu and founder of Uruk who received kingship from the 1st Dynasty of Kish | ||
| Enmerkar | c. 2750 BC | Led an assault on the city of Arrata | ||
| Lugalbanda | c. 2730 BC | A soldier in the army of Enmerkar | ||
| Dumuzid, the Fisherman | c. 2700 BC | Defeated invading forces headed by Gudam | ||
| Gilgamesh |  |
c. 2670 – c. 2650 BC | Built the walls of Uruk and defeated Aga of Kish | |
| Ur-Nungal Udul-kalama La-ba'shum En-nun-tarah-ana Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun |
c. 2650 – c. 2510 BC | Little is known of these rulers; the existence of most is unconfirmed. | ||
| Uruk II dynasty | Reign | Notes | ||
| Lugalnamniršumma | c. 2500 – c. 2470 BC[1] | |||
| Lugalsilâsi I |  |
c. 2470 – c. 2450 BC | Assaulted Girsu on ten separate occasions[2] | |
| Urzage | c. 2450 – c. 2430 BC[1] | |||
| Lugal-kinishe-dudu |  |
c. 2430 – c. 2400 BC | King of Uruk and Ur | |
| Lugal-kisal-si |  |
c. 2400 – c. 2350 BC | King of Uruk and Ur | |
| Enshakushanna |  |
c. 2350 – c. 2348 BC | Established kingship over most of Sumer; his kingdom was taken by Lugalzagesi | |
| Uruk III dynasty | Reign | Notes | ||
| Lugalzagesi |  |
c. 2348 – c. 2316 BC | Originally of Umma, he made Uruk his new capital after conquering all Sumer. Defeated Urukagina of Lagash and is in turn defeated by Sargon of Akkad[3] | |
| Uruk IV dynasty | Reign | Notes | ||
| Ur-nigin Ur-gigir Kuda Puzur-ili |
c. 2154 – c. 2119 BC | Served as ensi of Uruk under the Akkadian Empire | ||
| Uruk V dynasty | Chronology | Notes | ||
| Utu-hengal |  |
c. 2119 – c. 2112 BC | An ensi of Uruk who overthrew the Gutians and briefly ruled Sumer until he was succeeded by Ur-Nammu, who he had appointed governor of Ur, thus ending the final Sumerian dynasty of Uruk.[4] |
References edit
Notes edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b Marchesi, Gianni (January 2015). "Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia". In W. Sallaberger and I. Schrakamp (Eds.), History & Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout), Pp. 139-156.
- ^ Kesecker, Nshan (January 2018). "Lugalzagesi: The First Emperor of Mesopotamia?". ARAMAZD Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
- ^ , Jerold S. Cooper, "Sumerian and Akkadian Royal Inscriptions: Presargonic Inscriptions", Eisenbrauns, 1986, ISBN 0-940490-82-X
- ^ C.J Gadd, A Sumerian reading-book, The Clarendon Press, 1924
Sources edit
Bibliography edit
Journals edit
External links edit
Further reading edit
Geography edit
Language edit
- Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc. Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). "ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Faculty of Oriental Studies (revised ed.). United Kingdom. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
- Renn, Jürgen; Dahl, Jacob L.; Lafont, Bertrand; Pagé-Perron, Émilie (2022) [1998]. "CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative" (published 1998–2022). Retrieved 2022-09-23.
Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
- Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2022) [2003]. "PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary" (published 2003–2022). Retrieved 2022-09-23.
The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.