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jag

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For an overview of all Jaguar XJ models, see Jaguar XJ.
Jaguar XJ (X351)
 
Overview
Manufacturer
Production
  • March 2010 – July 2019
  • a. 122,330 examples
Assembly
Designer
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size luxury car
Body style4-door saloon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive
PlatformJLR D2a
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed automatic (2010–2013)
  • 8-speed automatic (2013–2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • XJ: 3,032 mm (119.4 in)
  • XJ-L: 3,157 mm (124.3 in)
Length
  • XJ: 5,130 mm (202 in)
  • XJ-L: 5,255 mm (206.9 in)
Width
  • 1,899 mm (74.8 in) (mirrors open)
  • 2,110 mm (83 in) (mirrors closed)
Height1,461 mm (57.5 in)
Kerb weight1,773–1,915 kg (3,909–4,222 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorJaguar XJ (X358)

The Jaguar XJ (X351) is the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ, a series of full-size luxury saloon cars produced by the automaker Jaguar Cars.[1] Produced between 2010 and 2019, it marked Jaguar's departure from the conservative styling of previous XJs.

The development of the X351 began in 2005, and the design approval process took place in November 2006. The designers Ian Callum and Matthew Beaven led the styling team of the XJ, which included various other prominent stylers such as Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. Jaguar tasked the designers with producing a new design incorporating most of the underpinnings from XJ (X350). But despite the X350 serving as its basis, the X351 had to include a style that fit in with the newly-introduced but unrelated XK (X150) and the XF (X250), which were already successful within the market sector. Beaven claimed that the design team had developed a series of vehicles ranging from a sports saloon to a large luxury car. The team finalised the design in 2008, and the XJ debuted in July 2009.

The official series manufacture began in March 2010 at the Castle Bromwich Assembly facility in Birmingham, England, and sales started in May. Initially, XJs were produced only at the English facility, but in 2014, the assembly of complete knockdown kits began at Jaguar's facility in Pune, India. In 2015, Jaguar introduced a facelift for the X351, with its most prominent change being the inclusion of Jaguar's "J-Blade" headlamps. The production of the X351 ended in July 2019, after Jaguar had produced over 122,330 examples. An electric version of the X351 was to be launched in 2020, but plans were cancelled in 2021 due to the economic infeasibility.

Development

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The rear view of the XJ

The development and design work of the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ—codenamed the "X351"—began in 2005.[2]

Citations

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  1. ^ Wilkins, David (1 July 2010), "Jaguar XJ6 Series 1 4.2 litre (1968)", The Independent, archived from the original on 6 July 2022, retrieved 20 April 2024
  2. ^ "Eighth Generation Jaguar XJ Saloon -X351", Jaguar Heritage Trust, retrieved 20 April 2024

Bibliography and print sources

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van

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This page is about the 2001–2007 Vanquish. For a complete overview of all generations, see Aston Martin Vanquish.
Aston Martin V12 Vanquish
 
Overview
ManufacturerAston Martin Lagonda Limited
Production
  • March 2001 – July 2007
  • 2,589 examples
AssemblyUnited Kingdom: Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire
DesignerIan Callum (1997)
Body and chassis
ClassGrand tourer
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine5.9 L Aston Martin V12
Transmission6-speed automated manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,690 mm (105.9 in)[1]
Length4,665 mm (183.7 in)[1]
Width1,923 mm (75.7 in)[2]
Height1,318 mm (51.9 in)[1]
Kerb weight
  • 1,835 kg (4,045 lb) (Vanquish)[3][4]
  • 1,875 kg (4,134 lb) (Vanquish S)[5]
Chronology
PredecessorAston Martin Virage
SuccessorAston Martin DBS

The first generation of the Aston Martin Vanquish, also known as the Aston Martin V12 Vanquish, is a grand touring car produced between 2001 and 2007 by the British automaker Aston Martin. Replacing the Virage, the Vanquish was available as both a coupe and convertible.

At the North American International Auto Show in 1998, Aston Martin revealed the "Project Vantage"; initially, Aston Martin planned for it to remain a concept car, but its design inspired the Aston Martin executives, and the company began developing a production version in March 1998. The designer of the Vanquish was Ian Callum, who previously worked on the DB7's exterior. The official production version of the Vanquish debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in February 2001, and manufacture of the car began in March at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. The vehicle uses aluminium extensively throughout its construction.

A facelift was implemented in 2004, which involved improvements to its power output, revisions to its design, and improved aerodynamic efficiency, as well as a name change to "Vanquish S". The car appeared in the 2002 film Die Another Day for which it received widespread public interest and earned the number three spot on the "Best Film Cars Ever" list. The Vanquish also appeared in the 2003 film The Italian Job. Aston Martin discontinued the production of the Vanquish in 2007 after a six-year production run during which 2,589 examples were produced; its replacement was the DBS. The Vanquish nameplate was resurrected in 2012 with a model based on the DB9's chassis and platform.

Development

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The Vanquish was conceived at a meeting in early 1997 between Jacques Nasser, chief executive officer (CEO) of Ford Motor Company; Bob Dover, CEO and chairman of Aston Martin; and senior executives at Jaguar Cars. Nasser proposed the idea of a concept car, to which the executives responded that they did not want one, but when the same proposition was presented to Dover, he expressed interest in the concept.[6]

What nobody actually knew outside Astons was that the Project Vantage was actually the prototype for the Vanquish. We knew that if we got a lot of support at the Detroit Show that we could build a car, which we obviously went on to do.

—Bob Dover[7]

Nasser wanted the design of the Project Vantage completed in time for the January 1998 North American International Auto Show. This required selecting a design by October 1997 and completely finishing the project by mid-December. Dover quickly implemented plans and processes to ensure the concept car was finished within the given timeframe; one of the initial steps was to search for a designer.[6] Aston Martin, lacking a design department of its own, commissioned a design from the Kidlington-based racing team Tom Walkinshaw Racing, whose chief designer, Ian Callum, styled the DB7.[8][9][10] Callum completed the design of Project Vantage in approximately twelve weeks.[11]

The development of the Project Vantage involved engineers and designers from Aston Martin, Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology, Magneti Marelli, AP Racing, Cosworth Racing and ITT. Aston Martin, Jim Clarke and Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology developed the engine, Magneti Marelli produced the paddle shift transmission, and AP Racing produced the braking system. The Project Vantage used several advanced technologies in constructing the body structure and chassis. The body shell was constructed of aluminium honeycomb, while the extruded aluminium chassis sections and roof pillar were reinforced with carbon fibre. These materials resulted in a weight saving of fifty per cent and a torsional rigidity increase of one hundred per cent.[12]

Aston Martin debuted the Project Vantage at the North American International Auto Show in January 1998.[13][14][15] Initially intended to remain a one-off concept car, its captivated the Aston Martin executives and plans were implemented to put the car into series production.[7] Following the motor show, Dover and his team began assembling the financial plan for the production version of the Project Vantage.[16][7] Development of the production version of the Project Vantage, later named the "Vanquish", began in March 1998. Ian Minards, whom Jaguar appointed as lead designer for the XJ8 project, was the chief programme manager. During development, the codename of the Vanquish was "Project Bolton" before it received its "AMV08" designation.[17] Dover stepped down as Aston Martin CEO in mid-2000 and was replaced by Ulrich Bez in July of that year.[18][19][20]

Due to the more advanced technology incorporated into the car, the Vanquish required more extensive pre-production testing than usual. The development costs were rumoured to be much greater than the initial budget; Aston Martin stated at the Vanquish's launch that fifty prototypes had been produced. These cars were tested worldwide, including hot-weather testing in Australia and cold-weather testing in Canada; temperatures were as cold as −40 °C (−40 °F) and as hot as 81 °C (178 °F).[21][22] The Aston Martin engineers collaborated with Lotus Engineering and Ford to increase engine efficiency and output with the help of the suspension expert Richard Parry-Jones.[21] The prototypes collectively amassed more than 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km).[23]

The production version of the Vanquish was revealed to groups of potential customers and designated media representatives in October 2000.[24] It debuted in February 2001 at the Geneva Motor Show.[25][26][27] Replacing the Virage,[28] official series manufacture of the Vanquish began in March 2001 at Aston Martin's facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire.[29][30][31] At launch, Aston Martin planned to produce between 200 and 300 examples annually.[32][33][34]

Design and construction

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2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish

The construction of the Vanquish employed techniques derived from the aerospace industry to produce a strong and rigid platform without incurring extra costs.[35] Its body structure is composed mainly of aluminium, composite materials and carbon fibre.[36][37][38] At a factory in Worcester, England, pre-cut aluminium extrusions were riveted and bonded around the car's carbon fibre backbone.[39][35] In comparison to the Vantage, the Vanquish reduced over fifty per cent of its weight and had a torsional rigidity increase of 100 per cent.[35][12] The car has a boot capacity of 220 litres (7.8 cu ft).[40]

The Vanquish is considered both a grand touring car[41][42][43] and a sports car.[44][45][46] A two-door coupe, the Vanquish incorporates a two-seat layout, though a four-seat option was also available.[47][48] The car measures 4,665 millimetres (183.7 in) in length, 1,318 millimetres (51.9 in) in height,[49] 1,923 millimetres (75.7 in) in width,[2] with a wheelbase length of 2,690 millimetres (106 in).[49] It has a kerb weight ranging from 1,820 to 1,835 kilograms (4,012 to 4,045 lb), and a gross weight of 2,175 kilograms (4,795 lb).[50][3][4] With a drag coefficient of Cd=0.33,[51] the Vanquish incorporates 19-inch (480 mm) wheels held by Yokohama tyres.[52][53]

It had the purest line of thought and execution of any car I've ever worked on before and since.

—Ian Callum[54]

The 5.9-litre V12 engine, as fitted to the Vanquish, generates 450 brake horsepower (340 kW) at 6,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 410 newton-metres (300 lbf⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm.[55][47] The Vanquish is a rear-wheel drive vehicle,[26][56] and its engine is positioned at the front.[57][58] The Vanquish offered a choice between two six-speed transmissions: a manual option[59][60] or an automated manual.[61][62] The car can accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in approximately five seconds and possesses a top speed of 306 km/h (190 mph).[61]

The Vanquish features 355-millimetre (14.0 in) and 330-millimetre (13 in) Brembo anti-lock disc brakes positioned at the front and rear, respectively.[63][64][65] The Vanquish features variable-ratio power steering and independent suspension that incorporate forged aluminium wishbones.[22][66]

Facelift and discontinuation

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2005 Vanquish S

The facelifted version of the Vanquish, called the "Vanquish S", debuted at the 2004 Paris Motor Show.[67][68] The upgraded engine generates a power output of 520 brake horsepower (390 kW) at 6,500 rpm and a torque output of 576 newton-metres (425 lb⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm, sufficient to give the car a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) of 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 322 km/h (200 mph).[69][70][71] Its transmission was also modified with a larger clutch plate and a higher ratio rear differential. The Yokohama tyres also are slightly larger and eleven-spoke wheels were standardised.[69] A spoiler on the boot, as well as a redesigned front grille and sizeable front splitter, were implemented. It is 5 millimetres (0.20 in) lower than the previous Vanquish, with a steering rack that is 20 per cent quicker and firmer springs and dampers.[72] The aerodynamic alterations decreased the car's drag coefficient to Cd=0.32.[51][73][74] The Vanquish S also incorporated the features of the Sports Dynamic Package—which was optional for the previous Vanquish—including stiffer suspension, revised steering, and larger brakes.[51]

The production of the V12 Vanquish ended on 19 July 2007, coinciding with the closing of the company's Newport Pagnell factory after 49 years of operation.[75] Over almost six years, 2,589 units were produced;[76][77] its sucessor was the DBS.[78]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Baltimore Sun.
  2. ^ a b "2006 new vehicle preview: Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S coupe". The Daily Herald.
  3. ^ a b "Vanquish that impulse to share the wealth". Edmonton Journal.
  4. ^ a b "Bond – James Bond – and his Aston Martin wheels". The Gazette.
  5. ^ Phillips 2012, p. 160.
  6. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 200.
  7. ^ a b c Dowsey 2007, p. 250.
  8. ^ Taylor 2024, pp. 60–62.
  9. ^ "The pleasure of driving the new Aston Martin DB7 convertible is almost too much to bear". The Sunday Telegraph.
  10. ^ Lamm, John (December 1994). "Aston Martin DB7". Road & Track. Vol. 46, no. 4. p. 132. ISSN 0035-7189.
  11. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 202.
  12. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 203.
  13. ^ "Start shouting!". The Daily Telegraph.
  14. ^ "Advantage, Aston". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  15. ^ "Importer seeks exclusive dealers for Aston Martin". The Age.
  16. ^ Waddington, Glen (January 2022). "Stirred, but not shaken". Octane. No. 223. pp. 56–66. ISSN 1740-0023.
  17. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 252.
  18. ^ "New drivers for Land Rover". The Age.
  19. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 231.
  20. ^ Enright, Andy (September 2020). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Wheels. pp. 22–25. ISSN 0043-4779.
  21. ^ a b Taylor 2024, pp. 94–95.
  22. ^ a b "2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Palm Beach Daily News.
  23. ^ "Savile Row suit, Ford underpinnings". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  24. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 102.
  25. ^ "Aston-Martin raises flagship". Chicago Tribune.
  26. ^ a b "Wealth bomber". The Daily Telegraph.
  27. ^ "2001 Geneva". Autoweek. Vol. 51, no. 12. 12 March 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0192-9674.
  28. ^ Hayward, Matthew (16 May 2024). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Octane. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  29. ^ Dawe, Jason (7 August 2005). "Aston Martin Vanquish". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  30. ^ "Squatter, shorter, wider, and wilder". The Independent.
  31. ^ "Aston Martin offers velocity for $228,000". Lansing State Journal.
  32. ^ "Spring sees new models in showrooms". The Daily Chronicle.
  33. ^ Wernle, Bradford (14 August 2000). "Aston to build 3rd plant, delays V12 Vanquish". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  34. ^ Wilson, Kevin A; Magee, Charlie (30 October 2000). "Heroic Ambitions". Autoweek. Vol. 50, no. 45. p. 16. ISSN 0192-9674.
  35. ^ a b c Taylor 2024, pp. 72–75.
  36. ^ "Edgy Aston has supercars in its sights". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  37. ^ "The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". ATZautotechnology. 1 (4): 26–29. 2001. doi:10.1007/BF03246615. ISSN 1616-8216.
  38. ^ Marsh, George (2014). "Composites and metals – a marriage of convenience?". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 58 (2): 38–42. doi:10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70108-0.
  39. ^ "Aston attack: Vanquish leads supercar assualt". The Age.
  40. ^ Ross, David (16 June 2019). "Aston Martin Vanquish coupe boot space, practicality and safety". Parkers. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  41. ^ "The people car show". The Hamilton Spectator.
  42. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Auto Express. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
  43. ^ Huntingford, Steve (1 January 2006). "Used Aston Martin Vanquish 2001 - 2007 review". What Car?. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  44. ^ "Vanquishing desire for any other auto". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  45. ^ "Sophisticated sex appeal". National Post. 5 July 2002. p. 44. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.  
  46. ^ Frank, Michael (17 September 2001). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  47. ^ a b Hutton, Ray (1 December 2000). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Car and Driver. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022.
  48. ^ "Something new to add to the list of dream cars". The Gazette.
  49. ^ a b "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
  50. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish V12 2+2 2dr Auto". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  51. ^ a b c Vale 2022, p. 456.
  52. ^ "Smartire". The Vancouver Sun.
  53. ^ "The 2001 Aston Martin Vanquish". Forbes. 11 October 2000. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020.
  54. ^ Pattni, Vijay (29 October 2021). "The original Aston Martin Vanquish is 20 years old". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  55. ^ "007 will reclaim his Aston Martin". The Charlotte Observer.
  56. ^ "Souping up the Vanquish for latest Bond film". The Gazette.
  57. ^ "Shifty business: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish". Motor Trend. 20 December 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  58. ^ McKay, Peter (January 2003). "Vanquishing point". Wheels. p. 34. ISSN 0043-4779.
  59. ^ "To drive an Aston Martin like 007's, be willing to wait". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  60. ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Journal News.
  61. ^ a b Tomalin, Peter (26 March 2024). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish (2001 - 2007): Britain's answer to the Ferrari 550 Maranello". Evo. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  62. ^ Abidin, Shafiq (9 January 2024). "Fancy a pre-series, first-generation Aston Martin Vanquish? This one is now up for sale". Top Gear. BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  63. ^ "New Bond car Vanquishes tedium". The Windsor Star.
  64. ^ "Vanquish continued from front". The Standard.
  65. ^ Frankel, Andrew (25 May 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish". Autocar. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish is 'the James Bond car'". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  67. ^ "Hot sports cars". The Post-Cresent.
  68. ^ Kiino, Ron (23 September 2004). "Aston Martin Vanquish S". Car and Driver. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  69. ^ a b "With a growl and a smile". The Daily Telegraph.
  70. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 297.
  71. ^ "No one chooses a car for the planet's benefit". The Independent.
  72. ^ "Aston Martin Vanquish S auto". Autocar. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  73. ^ Vollans, JJ; Chadwick, Nathan (19 August 2020). "Vanquish vs 550: classic V12s go head-to-head". Car. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  74. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 162.
  75. ^ Pollard, Tim (19 July 2007). "Aston Martin shuts historic factory". Car. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  76. ^ Barlow, Jason (2 September 2019). "The Aston Martin Vanquish 25 is a £550k remastered V12 GT". Top Gear. BBC. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  77. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 436.
  78. ^ Lindberg, Austin (4 June 2012). "DBS replacement will be called Vanquish". Car and Driver. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
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Newspapers

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Books

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mini

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Mini
 
The first Mini built with the registration number "621 AOK". This unit was never sold but is preserved at the British Motor Museum.
Overview
Manufacturer
Model codeADO15[note 1]
Production8 May 1959 – 4 October 2000
5,387,862 units
DesignerSir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
ClassSmall car
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Transmission
Chronology
SuccessorMini Hatch

The Mini is a small car produced from 1959 until 1968 by the British Motor Corporation, from 1968 to 1986 by British Leyland and from 1986 until 2000 by the Rover Group. It is considered one of the most influential automobiles of the twentieth century and is an icon of 1960s British popular culture. The Mini's design was maintained throughout its production which spanned forty-one years, making it the seventh-longest generation of automobile with an unaltered design.

The official series manufacture of the Mini began at the facility in Cowley, Oxford on 8 May 1959; the first unit is preserved at the British Motor Museum in Gaydon, Warwickshire. The car was styled by the automotive designer Sir Alec Issigonis and developed under the codename "ADO15". The production of the Mini occurred in Longbridge, England; Cowley, England; and Sydney, Australia, before numerous other global locations were introduced in the subsequent years. The Mini was predominantly produced as a two-door saloon but numerous other body styles were introduced including a convertible, estate, fastback and coupe utility. The designations "Mini Cooper" and "Mini Cooper S" are used to denote the high-performance variants of the Mini. In Italy, the machinery works Innocenti redesigned the Mini and sold it under the "Innocenti Mini" nameplate. A utility and recreational derivative of the Mini called the "Moke", was produced between 1964 and 1993.

The Mini's space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout—allowing eighty per cent of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage—influenced a generation of automakers. The final Mini was produced at the Longbridge facility on 4 October 2000 after a production period of forty-one years, five months and twenty-six days during which 5,387,862 units had been produced. The automaker BMW acquired the Rover Group in 1994 and sold most of it in 2000, but retained the rights to build cars using the "Mini" name. Retrospectively, the car is often nicknamed the "Classic Mini" to distinguish it from the Mini Hatch family of vehicles produced since 2001.[3]

Background and conception

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See also: Suez Crisis

The Mini was conceived by the British Motor Corporation (BMC),[4] a conglomerate of Austin Motor Company, Morris Motors, MG, Riley Motor and Wolseley Motors that was formed 1952.[5][6][7] The Mini was a solution to two opposing trends in 1950s Britain: the rise of economical 'micro' cars after the Suez Crisis and the growing influence of American culture in the post-war period. The Suez Crisis resulted from Anglo-French efforts to denationalise the Suez Canal in Egypt, resulting in its closure to Western shipping during 1956 and 1957. This closure disrupted oil supplies. The Suez Crisis also led to the reintroduction of fuel rationing in Britain and elevated taxes on luxury items. Consequently, the affordability of new cars was limited for many British citizens, which were also inefficient because of their outdated pre-war engines.[4][8]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ "ADO" stands for "Austin Drawing Office", while "15" was its project number.[1][2]

Citations

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  1. ^ Blake, Mike (18 November 2007), "2007 MINI Cooper S: Economical and Still a Fun Drive", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, p. 69, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com  
  2. ^ "The Mini giant", Birmingham Evening Mail, Birmingham, West Midlands, 13 March 1978, p. 36, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com  
  3. ^ Mainland 2015, Front Cover.
  4. ^ a b Mainland 2015, pp. 13–14.
  5. ^ "Glorious past, but a challenging future", The Independent, London, Greater London, 5 April 2005, p. 61, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com  
  6. ^ "British motor bid for Fisher & Ludlow", The Daily Telegraph, London, Greater London, 31 July 1953, p. 2, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com  
  7. ^ Thorley 2019, p. 132.
  8. ^ Anthony, Andrew (29 August 2009), "On the road: Mini Cooper S", The Guardian, retrieved 4 May 2024

Bibliography

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thunder

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For a complete overview of all Thunderbird generations, see Ford Thunderbird.

Ford Thunderbird
 
Overview
ManufacturerFord Motor Company
Model codeM205[1]
ProductionJune 2001 – July 2005
Model years2002–2005
AssemblyUnited States: Wixom, Michigan (Wixom Assembly)
DesignerJack Telnack (1997)
Body and chassis
ClassPersonal luxury car
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
PlatformFord DEW98
Powertrain
Engine3.9 L Jaguar AJ35 V8
Transmission5-speed Ford Bordeaux 5R44E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase107.1 in (2,720 mm)[2]
Length186.3 in (4,732 mm)[2]
Width72 in (1,829 mm)[3]
Height52.1 in (1,323 mm)[4]
Curb weight3,775 lb (1,712 kg)[5]
Chronology
PredecessorFord Thunderbird (tenth generation)

The eleventh generation of the Ford Thunderbird—a series of personal luxury cars—was produced between 2001 and 2005 by the American automaker Ford Motor Company. The Thunderbird debuted at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show. Designed by Jack Telnack and manufactured in Wixom, Michigan, the car was available as both a convertible and a hardtop convertible. It is the indirect successor to the tenth generation of the Thunderbird, and 68,098 units were produced before its discontinuation in July 2005.

The official series production of the Thunderbird commenced in June 2001. The Thunderbird, a two-door car, features Jaguar's 3.9 L AJ35 V8 engine. It generates a power output of 188 kilowatts (252 hp) and a torque output of 362 newton-meters (267 lbf⋅ft); an update was implemented in 2003, increasing outputs to 209 kilowatts (280 hp) and 388 newton-meters (286 lbf⋅ft). Based upon Ford's "DEW" platform, the car has a rear-wheel drive layout with a front engine placement. The Thunderbird received the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 2002, and has been featured in several films, including Die Another Day, Thunderbirds, and The Sopranos.

Background and development

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The original Thunderbird

The original Ford Thunderbird debuted in October 1954.[6][7][8] Originally designed to compete with British, Italian, and German sports cars and the Chevrolet Corvette, it was the first time the Ford division sold two distinct model lines simultaneously. The Thunderbird incorporated various advanced technologies for its era, including power seats and a padded dashboard.[9] Ten consecutive generations of the car were produced the tenth generation was discontinued in 1997.[10] The introduction of the Volkswagen New Beetle in 1997 sparked a renaissance of retro-styling in American automakers.[11]

Jack Telnack, the lead design director of the Ford Thunderbird project, initiated a competition among design studios in Italy, England, Germany, California, and Dearborn; the latter studio ultimately prevailed. Upon Telnack's retirement, his successor, J Mays, then handled the minor design elements, including trims, fabrics, interior, and colors. The Thunderbird had the longest development process of any car Telnack worked on.[12] Ford unveiled the car as a concept vehicle at the 1999 edition of the North American International Auto Show,[13][14][15] and revealed the car's final design at the same motor show two years later.[16] Official manufacture of the Thunderbird began in June 2001,[17][18] at the assembly plant in Wixom, Michigan.[19][20] It indirectly replaces the tenth generation of the Thunderbird, which the company discontinued in 1997.[21]

Design

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Rear view

The Thunderbird employs Ford's DEW platform,[22][23] which it shares with the Jaguar S-Type[24][25] and the Lincoln LS.[26][27] It is a personal luxury car[28][29] with two doors and two seats,[30][31] which was available as both a convertible and a hardtop convertible.[32] The vehicle's designers aimed for a simple design, returning to classic elements like fluted doors, wing-shaped door panels, a two-tone dashboard, original seat styles, and metal appliques complemented by turquoise accents. Compared to the LS and the S-Type, the Thunderbird features a shorter wheelbase and overall length. The car has seventeen-inch cast aluminum wheels and tires sized P235/50VR-17.[33] It has a rear-wheel drive layout and a front-engine placement,[34][35] and a computer-engineered, fully independent suspension system incorporating lightweight materials to reduce weight and improve response.[36][37]

The Thunderbird features Jaguar's 3.9-liter AJ30 V8 engine,[38] which generates a power output of 188 kilowatts (252 hp) and 362 newton-meters (267 lb⋅ft),[39][40] providing the car with a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration of 7.25 seconds.[41][42] Power is transmitted through a five-speed automatic transmission.[43][44] In 2003, the Thunderbird received minor updates, including an increase in engine output to 210 kilowatts (280 hp) and 388 newton-meters (286 lb⋅ft). The dashboard was revised, featuring more traditional analog gauges for better visibility during daylight driving. Additionally, a "Select Shift" version of the five-speed transmission was introduced as an option.[34]

Special editions

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In late 2000, Ford introduced the Neiman Marcus edition of the Thunderbird.[45] Ford produced 200 units, each priced at US$41,995. All of the cars sold out in just two hours and fifteen minutes.[46]

References

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Notes

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References

edit
  1. ^ Jones, Terill Yue (31 August 2001). "Ford needs Thunderbird launch to fly". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b "T-Bird cruises back into Ford's lineup". Chicago Tribune. 27 May 2001. p. 12.1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419282465
  3. ^ "The Bird is the word, again, Ford's styling heritage soars in pleasurable Thunderbird". The Morning Call. 16 June 2002. p. J1. ISSN 0884-5557. ProQuest 393054828
  4. ^ "Nostalgic T-bird is fun, but could get better". USA Today. 8 June 2001. p. D12. ISSN 0734-7456. ProQuest 408902490
  5. ^ Ulrich, Lawerence (31 May 2001). "Ford's pretty little roadster is back: revived Thunderbird is plush and sporty". Detroit Free Press. p. D.1. ProQuest 1270956813
  6. ^ Sanow 1998, p. 8.
  7. ^ "Ford will retire T-Bird in July". Automotive News. Vol. 79, no. 6138. 14 March 2005. p. 56. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219416521
  8. ^ Vance, Bill (12 September 2008). "T-Bird revival was short-lived". Waterloo Region Record. p. E.1. ProQuest 267266900
  9. ^ McCraw, Jim (1 October 2000). "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  10. ^ Pfefferman 2013, p. 224.
  11. ^ Strohl, Daniel (7 December 2018). "Ford's Forty Nine concept promised a mainstream retro future for the blue oval". Hemmings Motor News. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Telnack finds it difficult to let go of the car business". Automotive News. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  13. ^ Lienert, Dan (8 January 1999). "It's fun, fun, fun as Ford brings Thunderbird back". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. ISSN 0312-6315. ProQuest 363527173
  14. ^ Nissen, Todd (9 January 1999). "Thunderbird set to take off New lease of life for American icon". Birmingham Post. p. 21. ProQuest 326487831
  15. ^ "Total recall". The Age. 21 January 1999. p. 6. ISSN 2203-580X. ProQuest 363346476
  16. ^ "The Thunderbird concept is ready to go at Detroit". The Daily Telegraph. 6 January 2001. p. 5. ISSN 0307-1235. ProQuest 317434811
  17. ^ "Changeovers shift into high gear". Automotive News. Vol. 75, no. 5943. 13 August 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0005-1551. ProQuest 219435224
  18. ^ Kaus, Mickey (23 April 2003). "Ford's humiliation: The T-Bird is dead". Slate. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  19. ^ McIntyre, Doug (17 December 2016). "Driving the fun out of driving: Doug McIntyre". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Ford to retire Thunderbird after 2005 model". NBC News. Associated Press. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  21. ^ "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Forbes. 28 May 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  22. ^ Connelly, Mary (11 January 1999). "T-bird mixes heritage, high-tech". Automotive News. Vol. 73, no. 5081. p. 14. ISSN 0005-1551.
  23. ^ "Ford Thunderbird". Octane. No. 232. October 2022. p. 174. ISSN 1740-0023. ProQuest 2706454922.
  24. ^ Zesiger, Sue (7 June 1999). "Separated at birth". Fortune. Vol. 139, no. 11. pp. 251–254.
  25. ^ "All from one automakers learn to make several distinct models—and more money—from common platforms". Chicago Tribune. 2 November 2000. p. 7.1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419362584.
  26. ^ Green, Gavin (17 April 1998). "Mustang's new Australian mount". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. ISSN 0312-6315. ProQuest 363485214.
  27. ^ "Four cars to enjoy the sun and the wind: Here are convertibles built for all seasons that won't break bank". Toronto Star. 19 April 2014. p. W.16. ISSN 0319-0781. ProQuest 1517609284.
  28. ^ "Ford Thunderbird priced at $2,944". Automotive News. Vol. 74, no. 5890. 28 August 2000. p. 48. ISSN 0005-1551.
  29. ^ Vance, Bill (28 April 2000). "Birth of the personal luxury car: The Ford Thunderbird's switch from two seats to four created a brand new automotive segment". National Post. p. F01. ISSN 1486-8008. ProQuest 329587905.
  30. ^ Booth, David (19 June 2001). "Ford Thunderbird marks an impressive return". The Gazette. p. C1. ISSN 0384-1294. ProQuest 433717617.
  31. ^ Keebler, Jack; Freers, David (March 1999). "2000 Ford Thunderbird". Motor Trend. Vol. 51, no. 3. p. 38. ISSN 0027-2094.
  32. ^ Bornhop, Andrew (August 2001). "Thunderbird". Road & Track. Vol. 52, no. 12. p. 52. ISSN 0035-7189.
  33. ^ McCraw, Jim (1 October 2000). "2002 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  34. ^ a b Swan, Tony (19 May 2021). "Tested: 2004 Ford Thunderbird". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  35. ^ Boe, Dave (26 November 2001). "Thunderbird returns to Ford lineup". Daily Herald. p. 1. ProQuest 312539108.
  36. ^ "Birder's delight: Like the original, reborn 2002 Thunderbird is a classic cruiser". The Ottawa Citizen. 9 August 2002. p. C1. ISSN 0839-3222. ProQuest 240584353.
  37. ^ "New Thunderbird a mix of old attitude and modern technology". Hanover Post. 13 February 2001. p. A6. ISSN 0834-6372. ProQuest 353436897.
  38. ^ Hayward, Matthew (21 March 2024). "Ford Thunderbird (2002-2005) buying guide, history and review". Octane. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  39. ^ Chao, David (21 July 2002). "2002 Ford Thunderbird breaks new ground". Richmond News. p. 22. ProQuest 361562038.
  40. ^ "Nuts & bolts; 2002 Ford Thunderbird Deluxe convertible". The Washington Post. 24 June 2001. p. N01. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 409186305.
  41. ^ "2002 Ford Thunderbird: More than gorgeous: At work or rest, Ford's Thunderbird surprises". Autoweek. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Ford Thunderbird, Mercedes-Benz C32 AMG, Honda Pilot: Speed: When there's not enough, you want for more. And when there's plenty, there's still not enough". Autoweek. 13 May 2002. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  43. ^ Cato, Jeremy (7 November 2000). "Ford Thunderbird set to fly again in 2002". The Gazette. p. F1. ISSN 0384-1294. ProQuest 433663669.
  44. ^ Buckley, Martin (24 May 2021). "Is the reborn Ford Thunderbird really that bad?". Classic & Sports Car. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  45. ^ Huffman, John Pearley (7 May 2020). "Wildly expensive cars of Neiman Marcus Christmas books past". Car and Driver. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  46. ^ "Ford Thunderbird a blast from the past". CBS News. Associated Press. 8 January 2001. Retrieved 12 August 2024.

Bibliography

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v40

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This page is about the 2012–2019 V40. For the 1995–2004 V40, see Volvo V40 (1995–2004).

Volvo V40
 
Overview
ManufacturerVolvo Cars
Production2012–2019
Assembly
DesignerChris Benjamin
Body and chassis
ClassSmall family car
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformVolvo P1
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed Getrag B6 manual
  • 6-speed Volvo M66 manual
  • 6-speed Powershift
  • 6-speed Aisin TF-80SD automatic
  • 6-speed Aisin TF-71SC automatic
  • 8-speed Aisin TG-81SC automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,647 mm (104.2 in)
Length4,369 mm (172.0 in)
Width1,802 mm (70.9 in)
Height1,445 mm (56.9 in)
Curb weight1,357–1,498 kg (2,992–3,303 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorVolvo C30

The Volvo V40 is a small family car that was produced by the Swedish carmaker Volvo Cars between 2012 and 2019. The indirect successor to the C30, the V40 was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012, and manufacture of the car began in May at the facility in Ghent, Belgium. Under the direction of Peter Horbury and Steve Mattin, Chris Benjamin designed the V40's exterior. From August 2012, the V40 was assembled in Shah Alam, Malaysia, as a complete knock-down kit.

The V40 is a five-door, front-wheel drive, compact-sized hatchback car that was available in both petrol and diesel engine configurations. It built upon Volvo's P1 platform. The V40 received a major facelift in 2015, which involved prominent updates to its front fascia. The V40 has received primarily good reviews: the magazine Auto Express called it a "highly accomplished premium hatch and a worthy alternative to more mainstream rivals",[1] whilst Top Gear described it as an "impressive model that's a genuine [Volkswagen] Golf rival".[2]

Background

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The Swedish carmaker[3][4] Volvo Cars began producing the C30 in 2006,[5][6] a compact, three-door hatchback.[7][8] The vehicle received a major facelift in 2009, introducing larger headlights, a larger grille and "an overall smoothing of [its] edges".[9] Volvo ended production of the C30 at the end of 2012.[10] It was—indirectly—replaced by the V40,[11] as was the S40 saloon and the V50 estate.[12]

Volvo introduced the V40 at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012.[13][14] Official manufacture of the V40 began in the middle of May 2012 at the facility in Ghent, Belgium.[12] At launch, Volvo anticipated that 85 per cent of V40 sales would take place in Europe, with an expected annual sales volume of 90,000 units.[15] During the V40's design process, Volvo focused on competing with strengths seen in rivals like BMW; according to Peter Mertens, Volvo's chief of research and development, the V40 was intended to be "class-leading in fuel efficiency, safety and driving dynamics".[12]

Design

edit
 
Rear view

Under the direction of Peter Horbury and Steve Mattin,[16][17] the V40 was designed by Chris Benjamin.[18] As with most new models, Volvo's design teams in Camarillo and Barcelona competed with the headquarters in Gothenburg to pitch their concepts; ultimately, Benjamin's design was selected.[17] Whilst designing, Benjamin aimed to create "an emotionally engaging car that looked like a coupé but had the practicality and functionality of a five-door hatchback".[16]

The V40 is built upon Ford's Global C-car platform, which it shares with the third-generation of the Ford Focus.[19][20] It is a small family car (C-segment)[21][22] with five doors and a hatchback body style.[23][24] Its "curvaceous" exterior design draws inspiration from the S60 sedan, while the interior is "simple, clean and uncluttered".[15] The V40 possesses a front-wheel drive layout with a front engine placement.[25][26]

Powertrains

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Since its launch and up until its redesign, the V40 was available in nine distinct versions, which included six petrol engine models (designated with a "T" followed by a single-digit number) and three diesel engine models (marked with a "D" followed by a single-digit number). The T2 model's 2.0-litre produces a power output of 122 horsepower (91 kW) and a torque output of [convert: needs a number].[27]

References

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Citations

edit
  1. ^ Ingram 2017.
  2. ^ Top Gear 2015.
  3. ^ "Volvo's quiet image clashes with Ford's". The Orlando Sentinel.
  4. ^ "Ford to sell Volvo unit for $1.8B". The Journal News.
  5. ^ "Still sharp looking after all these years". Capital News.
  6. ^ Top Gear Philippines 2013.
  7. ^ Rechtin 2007.
  8. ^ "Smallest Volvo won't be mistaken for other compacts". The Oregonian.
  9. ^ Gall 2009.
  10. ^ Stoklosa 2012.
  11. ^ Crawford 2012.
  12. ^ a b c Gibbs 2012.
  13. ^ "Premium power from Volvo's new hatchback". Lancashire Telegraph.
  14. ^ "The best of what’s not coming here". The Toronto Star.
  15. ^ a b Pulman 2012.
  16. ^ a b Volvo Cars 2012.
  17. ^ a b Fowler 2012.
  18. ^ Bolduc 2012.
  19. ^ "Volvo V40 T3: Smooth, supple and stylish". Jordan Times.
  20. ^ Auto Express 2019.
  21. ^ "Volvo announces price of new V40 hatchback". The Independent.
  22. ^ Dredge 2018.
  23. ^ Wendler 2012.
  24. ^ Walton 2013.
  25. ^ "The facts: Volvo V40 D2 ES". The Daily Telegraph.
  26. ^ "A real turn-up for the books". Sunday Telegraph.
  27. ^ "Beefed-up Volvo targets British motorists". Evesham Journal.

Bibliography

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Websites

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Newspapers

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gs

edit
For a complete overview of all GS models, see Lexus GS.

Lexus GS
 
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Model codeS190[1]
ProductionJanuary 2005 – December 2011
AssemblyJapan: Tahara, Aichi (Tahara plant)
DesignerYasuhide Hosoda, Isoroku Yamada, and Sotiris Kovos (2003)
Body and chassis
ClassExecutive
Body style4-door sedan
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel drive
Front-engine, all-wheel drive
PlatformToyota N
RelatedLexus IS (XE20)
Lexus LS (XF40)
Powertrain
Engine3.0 L 3GR-FSE V6 (petrol)
3.5 L 2GR-FSE V6 (petrol/hybrid)
4.3 L 3UZ-FE V8 (petrol)
4.6 L 1UR-FE V8 (petrol)
Transmission6-speed automatic
8-speed automatic
CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,850 mm (112.2 in)[2]
Length4,826 mm (190.0 in)[3]
Width1,821 mm (71.7 in)[4]
Height1,425–1,435 mm (56.1–56.5 in)[5][6]
Chronology
PredecessorLexus GS (S160)
SuccessorLexus GS (L10)

The Lexus GS (S190) is an executive car. It is a four-door sedan that is the third generation of the Lexus GS—a series of vehicles produced between 1993 and 2020. The S190 model itself was produced between 2005 and 2011 by Lexus—the luxury vehicle division of the Japanese automaker Toyota.

The development of the GS began in 2000 under the chief engineer Shigetoshi Miyoshi and took forty months. Styling of the exterior and the interior started under Yasuhide Hosoda. A concept car called the LF-S debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 2003. Its design patent was filed in December 2003, preceding a public unveiling of a pre-production model at the North American International Auto Show in January 2004, the production version of which was unveiled at the same show in the subsequent year. Official manufacture began at the facility in Tahara, Aichi, in January 2005.

Suceeding the S160 model, the S190 offered numerous engine options, comprising a 3.0-litre V6, 4.3-litre V8, 4.6-litre V8, and a 3.5-litre V6 petrol-hybrid. Three transmission options were available: a six- and eight-speed automatic for the petrol models, whilst the hybrid model included a continuously variable transmission. The GS has received numerous awards, including the iF Product Design Award from the International Forum Design in 2007. Manufacture of the S190 ended in December 2011, and Lexus replaced it with the L10 in 2012.

Development

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The development of the fourth generation GS began in 2000 under chief engineer Shigetoshi Miyoshi. He explained that the project was guided by three core design principles: simplicity, contrast and dynamism. The development process took forty months, longer than usual, as the GS was intended to hold a prominent position within the Lexus lineup.[7] Both the exterior and interior styling were led by the designer Yasuhide Hosoda around the time the L-finesse design philosophy came to fruition in 2001.[8][9] In October 2003 a concept car called the LF-S—an acronym for Lexus Future Sedan[10][11]—debuted at the Tokyo Motor Show.[12][13] The GS' design patent was filed on 22 December 2003 by Hosoda, Isoroku Yamada, and Sotiris Kovos,[14] preceding a public unveiling of a pre-production model at the North American International Auto Show in January 2004,[15] the production version of which was unveiled at the same show in the subsequent year.[16] Official manufacture of the S190 began at the the facility in Tahara, Aichi, in January 2005.[17]

Design

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Exterior and interior

edit
 
Rear view

The GS is a four-door fastback[18][19] that is classified as an executive car.[20][21] It is based upon the N platform.[22][23] The third-generation GS was the first Lexus model to use the brand's new L-finesse design philosophy.[24][25] It retained the quad headlamp design from the second-generation model.[26][27] Its elongated bonnet, sleek windscreen, and curvaceous silhouette contribute to a drag coefficient figure of Cd=0.27.[28][29] The design features include a prominent front valance with a large air inlet and integrated fog lamps, side rocker extensions, a short rear end with a tall rear valance, and dual stainless steel-tipped exhaust pipes.[29]

The GS interior offered options such as ash leather with black Bird's-eye maple wood trim, cashmere leather with brown Bird's-eye maple trim, or black leather with walnut trim.[30] Standard features included water-repellent front door glass, side mirrors with puddle lamps, an auto-dimming rearview mirror, ten-way power and heated front seats, a power tilt/telescoping steering wheel, and a power-operated trunk closer.[37] The GS sedans included Lexus' SmartAccess keyless system, which introduced a standard push-button start feature.[38][39] It has a driver-side hidden drop-down panel for less frequently used controls and a standard seven-inch touchscreen display in the centre console.[40][41] Optional features included a power moonroof, ventilated front seats with perforated leather, a power rear sunshade, rain-sensing wipers, a 5.1 surround sound system with 14 speakers and 330-watt Mark Levinson audio, XM satellite radio, and a DVD-based navigation system with a backup camera and Bluetooth technology.[48]

Safety systems

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Cutaway of the Lexus GS 450h

The third-generation Lexus GS came equipped with dual front airbags, front driver and passenger knee airbags, front and rear side curtain airbags, and front row side torso airbags as standard features, with rear row side torso airbags available as an option.[49][50] An Adaptive Front-lighting System was standard on the V8 model while optional on the V6 model.[51][52] An optional radar-based Pre-Collision System with Dynamic Radar Cruise Control could apply up to 0.3g of deceleration if the driver failed to respond to crash warnings.[53][54] Standard features across all models included anti-lock brakes, electronic brakeforce distribution, brake assist, and Vehicle Stability Control.[55][56] The GS 430, 460 and 450h incorporate Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management and Variable Gear Ratio Steering.[57][58][59] It became standardised in the GS 350 in 2008.[60]

In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety tests the GS received a "Good" overall rating in both frontal and side impact tests, achieving "Good" in 13 of the 14 measured categories.[61][62] In 2005, the European New Car Assessment Programme awarded the GS the maximum five stars for Adult Occupant protection, four stars for Child Occupant protection, and two out of four stars for Pedestrian safety.[63]

Models

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GRS191 / UZS190 (2005)

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2007 Lexus GS 300 (GRS190)

On 30 August 2005, the GS 350 (GRS191) and GS 430 (UZS190) were launched for sale.[64] The GS 350 features a 3.5-litre 2GR-FSE V6 engine with direct injection.[65][66] The engine of the initial GS 350 produces

References

edit
  1. ^ "2013 Lexus GS 350", Motor Trend, 6 February 2012, retrieved 17 September 2024
  2. ^ Vaughn, Mark (8 August 2011), "Lexus GS prototypes hint at sportier new character", Autoweek, vol. 61, no. 6, p. 13
  3. ^ Healey, James R. (25 March 2012), "Lexus GS falls short of Infiniti M", USA Today, p. D.12
  4. ^ Printz, Larry (8 July 2005), "Lexus talks during test drive, and the news isn't good", The Morning Call, p. E1
  5. ^ Boe, Dave (14 July 2005), "Third-generation GS sports new styling and all-wheel drive", Daily Herald, p. 2
  6. ^ "Adrenal gland shock therapy", Kelowna Capital News, 18 November 2005, p. C9
  7. ^ Fedoruk, Keith (8 April 2005), "New Lexus look a sharp turn", North Shore News, p. 37
  8. ^ "Detroit Auto Show", Car Design News, archived from the original on 6 December 2006, retrieved 17 August 2024
  9. ^ Rettie, John (6 April 2011), "Lexus LF-Gh concept", Road & Track, retrieved 17 September 2024
  10. ^ King, Philip (30 October 2003), "Wacky one-offs belie main game", The Australian, p. 15
  11. ^ Treece, James B; Yamaguchi, Yuzo, "Sizing up the Tokyo show", Automotive News, vol. 78, no. 6063, pp. 20–21
  12. ^ Dowling, Joshua; Lyon, Peter (24 October 2003), "Box-car brigade", The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 6
  13. ^ Neil, Dan (29 October 2003), "A feast form the East", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 17 September 2024
  14. ^ "Motor vehicle and/or toy replica thereof", Toyota Motor Corporation, 18 February 2004, retrieved 17 September 2024 – via Google Patents
  15. ^ "Just down the road", Orlando Sentinel, 17 October 2004, p. N29
  16. ^ "Toyota keeps on rolling in North America", National Post, 13 January 2005, p. FP8
  17. ^ Clifford, Joe (6 September 2019), "History of the Lexus GS", Lexus, retrieved 19 September 2024
  18. ^ "Nuts & bolts: 2006 Lexus GS 430", Washington Post, 21 August 2005, p. G01
  19. ^ Harper, Brian (5 June 2009), "2009 Lexus GS 350 AWD: Grand tourer a potent pleaser", Alaska Highway News, p. B.1
  20. ^ Scantlebury, John (9 January 2004), "Lexus GS 430", Evening Chronicle, p. 31
  21. ^ McAleer, Michael (30 August 2006). "Lexus GS 450h". Irish Times. p. 8.
  22. ^ MacKenzie, Angus (25 December 2006), "Toyota FT-HS Concept", Motor Trend, retrieved 19 September 2024
  23. ^ "Lexus: Hard (top) choices", Automotive News, vol. 80, no. 6216, p. 31
  24. ^ "Lexus GS", The Gazette, 19 November 2005, p. J4
  25. ^ "Road test: Lexus GS300", The Independent, 19 April 2005, p. 2
  26. ^ "Lexus forges its own path", The Age, 22 January 2004, p. 5
  27. ^ Kehoe, Bob (15 April 2000), "Lexus GS 300 makes those long road trips more pleasurable", The Oregonian, p. DT02
  28. ^ "Lexus rolls out luxury line-up", Waikato Times, 13 May 2005, p. 18
  29. ^ a b Plunkett, Bob (1 November 2005), "2006 Lexus GS series road test review", Road & Travel, p. 15
  30. ^ Haimerl, Duncan (15 April 2006), "Lexus powers up hybrid sports car", Hartford Courant, p. M1
  31. ^ "Touches of class", Ottawa Citizen, 9 July 2010, p. D.1
  32. ^ "Reinventing the wheel / The latest car technology", The Wall Street Journal, 13 July 2006, p. D.6
  33. ^ "Japanese luxury car showdown", The Vancouver Sun, 3 June 2005, p. E1
  34. ^ "Lexus makes a statement", The Windsor Star, 16 November 2006, p. E1
  35. ^ "The grass is always greener", North Shore News, 13 October 2006, p. 43
  36. ^ "GS 350 aging quite nicely Lexus sedan's handsome design holding its own after four years", Florida Times Union, 16 May 2009, p. F.1
  37. ^ [31][32][33][34][35][36]
  38. ^ Harper, Brian (24 February 2006), "Lexus GS 300 AWD rides in sublime comfort", Edmonton Journal, p. I12
  39. ^ Robinson, Jim (4 March 2005), "Lexus puts some L-Finesse into its premium products", The Brampton Guardian, p. 1
  40. ^ Robinson, Jim (16 March 2005), "The GS offers a cornucopia of standard features", Mississauga News, p. 1
  41. ^ Gentile Zucco, Petrina (30 March 2006), "A Lexus fit for a king", The Globe and Mail, p. G.11
  42. ^ Robinson, Jim (11 May 2006), "Lexus puts performance first in its luxury hybrid GS 450h", Mississauga News, p. 1
  43. ^ Boe, Dave (14 July 2005), "Third-generation GS sports new styling and all-wheel drive", Daily Herald, p. 2
  44. ^ "2006 Lexus GS gets top-quality stereo", Philadelphia Tribune, 6 February 2005, p. 7C
  45. ^ Bostelaar, Robert; McNaughton, Derek (27 May 2005), "Sumo showdown", Ottawa Citizen, p. C1
  46. ^ Byrne, Paul (27 April 2007), "Mid-luxury elegance with security of all-wheel drive", Edmonton Journal, p. I1
  47. ^ "2006 Lexus GS gets top-quality stereo", Philadelphia Tribune, 6 February 2005, p. 7C
  48. ^ [42][43][44][45][46][47]
  49. ^ "Lexus GS 430 sedan offers adrenal gland shock therapy", Kelowna Capital News, 12 August 2005, p. C11
  50. ^ "2020 Lexus GS review, pricing, and specs", Car and Driver, retrieved 22 September 2024
  51. ^ "Lexus delivers sporty without spice in GS 350", The Ottawa Citizen, 2 March 2007, p. C3
  52. ^ "2020 Lexus GS Review, Pricing, and Specs". Car and Driver. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  53. ^ "GS 450h rides on new wheels and receives exterior and technology enhancements for 2010", Lexus, 6 October 2009, retrieved 22 September 2024
  54. ^ "Lexus powers up hybrid sports car", Hartford Courant, 15 April 2006, p. M1
  55. ^ "Nuts & bolts: 2007 Lexus GS 450h", The Washington Post, 18 June 2006, p. G.1
  56. ^ "Car now hitting top standards", Evening Chronicle, 15 April 2005, p. 26
  57. ^ Booth, David (18 May 2007), "2007 Lexus GS 450h: Sporty car for the greenies", Star-Phoenix, p. E15
  58. ^ Moore, Alina (7 September 2007), "2008 Lexus GS460", Top Speed, retrieved 23 September 2024
  59. ^ "Infiniti's M45 sedan matches wits with the electronic brain of the Lexus GS 430", Autoweek, 14 August 2005, retrieved 23 September 2024
  60. ^ "2020 Lexus GS review, pricing, and specs", Car and Driver, 13 May 2019, retrieved 23 September 2024
  61. ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Lexus GS". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2 June 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  62. ^ "IIHS-HLDI: Lexus GS". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2 June 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  63. ^ "Official Lexus GS 2005 safety rating", Euro NCAP, 2005, retrieved 27 September 2024
  64. ^ "Lexus GS (GS430/GS350)", Toyota, retrieved 27 September 2024
  65. ^ "Recalls", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 December 2013, p. ZE.2
  66. ^ A. Wilson, Kevin (2 July 2007). "2007 Lexus GS 350: If a six gives you 300 hp, who still says only an eight is enough?". Autoweek. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

is

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For a complete overview of all IS models, see Lexus IS.

Lexus IS (XE20)
 
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
ProductionSeptember 2005 – April 2013
AssemblyJapan: Tahara, Aichi; Miyawaka, Fukuoka
Body and chassis
ClassCompact executive car
Body style
Layout
PlatformToyota N platform
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,730 mm (107.5 in)[1]
Length
  • 4,575–4,580 mm (180.1–180.3 in) (sedan)[2][3]
  • 4,636 mm (182.5 in) (convertible)[4]
  • 4,661 mm (183.5 in) (IS F)[5]
Width1,800–1,815 mm (70.9–71.5 in)[2][6]
Height1,415–1,440 mm (55.7–56.7 in)[1][6]
Curb weight1,558–1,685 kg (3,435–3,715 lb)[7][8]
Chronology
PredecessorLexus IS (XE10)
Successor

The Lexus IS (XE20) is a car produced by the Japanese carmaker Toyota under its luxury division, Lexus. Classified as a compact executive car, it represented the second generation of the Lexus IS. Serving as Lexus entry-level sedan from 2005 until production ended in 2013, Toyota manufactured the XE20 at the facility in Tahara, Aichi, and the Kyushu factory in Miyawaka, Fukuoka (until 2012). It was available as both a four-door sedan and a two-door coupe—the latter designated by a "C" at the end of their name (e.g., "IS 250 C").

The development of the XE20 began under the direction of Suguya Fukusato—chief engineer of the project. Primarily designed by Kengo Matsumoto, a pre-production version of the IS debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in March 2005, the production version of which debuted at the New York International Auto Show in April of the same year. Production of the IS officially began in September and October 2005 at the Miyawaka and Tahara facilities, respectively. Lexus implemented a staged rollout of the XE20 variants, starting with the IS 250 and IS 350 in 2005. The IS 300 and IS 220d, the latter of which marked Lexus's first diesel model, followed in 2006. In 2010, the IS 220d was replaced by the IS 200d. Lexus also produced high-performance variants of the IS under the F marque, known as the IS F.

The XE20 shared its platform with the fourth generation of the LS and the second generation of the GS, both of which were also built at the facility in Tahara. While several minor updates have been made, the XE20 has undergone one major facelift; this update included a slightly revised front fascia, an interior refresh, and modifications to the suspension. The XE20 has been well-received by car critics, who have most praised its design and reliability. The car has received numerous accolades, including Ward's 10 Best Engines in both 2006 and 2007 for the IS 350 and Car's Performance Car of the Year for the IS F in 2008. Production of the XE20 ended at the Kyushu facility in 2012, while manufacture at the Tahara plant ended in the subsequent year. It was succeeded by the XE30 model, which began production in April 2013. The IS C remained in production until 2014 when it was replaced by the RC.

Background and development

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The XE10 IS, which preceded the XE20

Lexus—the luxury division of the Japanese automaker Toyota[9]—debuted the first generation of the IS, codenamed XE10, in 1999.[10] The development of the XE10 began in the middle of the 1990s decade under the direction of Nobuaki Katayama.[11] It was the subject of positive reception, with services company RAC Limited describing the car as "sharp and sporty" and its engine as "smooth", "torquey", and "agreeable",[12] and magazine Motor Trend stating that, "In terms of luxury, looks, and sport, the Lexus is excellent, beautiful even".[13] However, the XE10 underperformed in terms of sales, with only 2,457 units sold in the first quarter of 2004—a decrease of 27.5 percent compared to the same period last year.[14]

Lexus began development of the second generation of the IS under the direction of Suguya Fukusato, a rally driver.[15] Design work was initiated under the direction of Kengo Matsumoto, the general manager of global design at Lexus.[16] Design patents were filed at the United States Patent Office on 25 February 2005 by Matsumoto, Katsuhiro Suzuki, Hiroyuki Tada, and Tomoyasu Nishi.[17] The XE30 debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in March 2005,[18][19] followed by another showcase at the New York International Auto Show in April that year.[20][21] Official series manufacture began at the Kyushu factory in Miyawaka, Fukuoka, in September 2005,[22] with manufacturing at the facility in Tahara, Aichi, following in October.[23]

Design and technology

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The interior variants of the IS 250 (GSE20; Australia): the Sports Luxury trim level is pictured on the left while the Prestige trim level is on the right.[note 1]

The second-generation Lexus IS marked the second application of Lexus' L-finesse design philosophy on a production vehicle, following its debut on the 2006 Lexus GS sedan.[24] The design elements of L-finesse, such as the fastback profile, lower-set grille, and the interplay of convex and concave surfaces,[25][26] are influenced by Japanese cultural motifs, including the phrase kirikaeshi, seen in arrowhead shapes.[24] Lexus described L-finesse as "dynamism based on the visual contrast between simplicity and elegance" and "powerful, sweeping lines with contrasting convex and concave surfaces".[27] The exterior surfaces are designed for a sleek, flush integration between the sheet metal and glass. An "air kicker" is molded into the taillight lenses to direct airflow, reducing drag created by the rear fascia's license plate indentation.[28]

The IS has been described as a compact executive car,[29][30][31] a compact car,[32][33][34] and a mid-size car.[35][36] It is a four-door sedan with a unibody chassis, featuring a front, longitudinal engine layout and available in both front-wheel and all-wheel drive configurations.[2][37][note 2] The XE20 IS is 175 millimeters (6.9 in) longer and 75 millimeters (3.0 in) wider than its predecessor, with a 40-millimeter (1.6 in) increase in front and rear track width. This resulted in improved leg and shoulder room for both the driver and passengers, while improving the vehicle's handling capabilities.[38][39] The IS retains the drag coefficient figure of Cd=0.28[40] of the previous generation.[41] The bodyshell stiffness has been increased by 20 percent, while weight reduction was achieved through the use of aluminum for the hood, suspension components, and engine.[39] The IS uses a double wishbone front suspension and multi-link rear suspension systems featuring monotube shock absorbers. It has anti-roll bars at both the front and rear.[42][43]

The interior of the IS features leather seats, an electroluminescent instrument display, and ten-way power seats for the driver and front passenger, which include lumbar support.[43][44][45] There was an option for faux-metallic trim or a maple wood grain trim crafted by Yamaha artisans using materials from sustainable plantations.[46][47] The interior design also incorporated elements from Japanese concepts, such as hazushi, where an object maintains its individuality while remaining part of a larger whole, exemplified by the side air vent.[48][49] Additional interior features include perforated leather seats, heated and ventilated front seats, a power tilt/telescoping steering wheel, a moonroof, electrochromic side mirrors, and aluminum scuff plates.[50][51] The IS features rain-sensing wipers, Intuitive Park Assist, bi-xenon headlamps, an Adaptive Front-lighting System, and Dynamic Radar Cruise Control.[51][52] Standard features include Lexus' SmartAccess keyless entry with push-button start and a memory system that recalls the driver's seat, side mirror, and steering wheel positions.[53][54][55] Optional features included a high-resolution touchscreen, a navigation system with voice recognition, Bluetooth connectivity, a backup camera, and a fourteen-speaker Mark Levinson premium sound system.[24][56][57]

The IS' standard safety features that include dual front airbags, front knee airbags, front and rear side curtain airbags, and front side torso airbags.[58] The new IS also introduced the manufacturer's twin-chamber front passenger airbag.[59] Initially, the IS 250 featured the Vehicle Stability Control system,[59] while the IS 350 was equipped with a more advanced Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management system, offering a quicker response with less intrusive operation.[60] The IS was also available with a Pre-Collision System and electric power steering.[54][37] In 2008, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration awarded the IS the maximum five stars for Side Driver and Rollover categories, and four stars for Frontal Driver, Frontal Passenger, and Side Rear Passenger categories.[61] The European New Car Assessment Programme gave the vehicle five stars for Adult Occupant safety, four stars for Child Occupant safety, and two out of four stars for Pedestrian safety.[62] The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety rated the Lexus IS sedan "Good" overall for both front and side impact tests, but gave it a "Poor" rating for the small overlap front test.[63]

Models

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GSE20 / GSE21 (2005)

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2005–2008 Lexus IS 250 (GSE20; Australia)

The IS 250 (chassis code GSE20), IS 250 AWD (chassis code GSE25), and IS 350 (chassis code GSE21) were the first models to debut, launched in September 2005.[64] The IS 250 was available in both front- and all-wheel drive configurations.[65] It features a 2.5-liter 4GR-FSE V6 engine with either an RA62 six-speed manual gearbox or a then-newly introduced A960E/A760H six-speed automatic gearbox featuring steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters.[66] Its engine produces a power output of 152 kilowatts (204 hp) and a torque output of 251 newton-meters (185 lbf⋅ft).[43] Initially, the IS 350 was available exclusively in a rear-wheel drive configuration.[67] Its 2.5-liter 4GR-FSE V6 engine produces 228 kilowatts (306 hp) and 375 newton-meters (277 lbf⋅ft).[68][69] The IS 350's transmission is a six-speed A760E automatic gearbox.[66]

The IS 250 and IS 350 both came standard with four-wheel disc brakes. The IS 350 features thirteen-inch ventilated turbine discs with four-piston monoblock calipers providing front-wheel stopping power, while the IS 250 is equipped with 11.6-inch two-piston front brakes. Lexus also introduced a electric-assist steering system.[43] In October 2010, Lexus introduced an all-wheel drive option for IS 350.[70]

ALE20 / GSE22 (2006)

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The IS 220d (chassis code ALE20) was Lexus' first diesel-powered vehicle.[71] Introduced in January 2006 and available exclusively in a rear-wheel drive configuration, the IS 220d features a 2.2-liter 2AD-FHV inline-4 diesel engine.[31][39] The engine produces 228 kilowatts (306 hp) and 375 newton-meters (277 lbf⋅ft)

Notes

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  1. ^ Trim levels may depend on market; the mentioned trim levels may not be available in other markets.
  2. ^ For information on which models use front- or all-wheel drive, refer to the § Models or § Technical specifications sections.

References

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  1. ^ a b Griffith 2007, p. E.1.
  2. ^ a b c Healey 2005, p. D.13.
  3. ^ "2010 Lexus IS 4dr Sport Sdn Man RWD Features and Specs". Car and Driver.
  4. ^ Healey 2009, p. B.3.
  5. ^ "2012 Lexus IS F 4dr Sdn Features and Specs". Car and Driver.
  6. ^ a b Phelan 2008, p. E.1.
  7. ^ "Passes the DNA test". Winnipeg Free Press.
  8. ^ Dowling 2008, p. 1.
  9. ^ Dawson 2011, pp. 6–7.
  10. ^ Morley 2006, p. 8.
  11. ^ Clifford 2019. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFClifford2019 (help)
  12. ^ Enright 2006.
  13. ^ Davis 2001.
  14. ^ Rechtin 2004, p. 32.
  15. ^ Sloane 2005.
  16. ^ Guilford 2005, p. 32.
  17. ^ Matsumoto et al. 2005.
  18. ^ Dowling & Hagon 2005, p. 8.
  19. ^ Kenzie 2005, p. G01.
  20. ^ Printz 2005. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPrintz2005 (help)
  21. ^ "More power to 'em: New York Auto Show features cars and SUVs with lots of horsepower". The Morning Call.
  22. ^ "Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc.". Toyota.
  23. ^ "General status of plants in Japan". Toyota.
  24. ^ a b c Morrison 2005, pp. 12–13.
  25. ^ Rechtin 2003, p. 52.
  26. ^ Toljagic 2011, p. W.25.
  27. ^ Simister 2005.
  28. ^ Vasilash 2005, pp. 52–53.
  29. ^ Malone 2017.
  30. ^ Cunningham 2009, p. 44.
  31. ^ a b "Lexus IS 220d SE". Auto Express.
  32. ^ Ryan 2008.
  33. ^ Quiroga 2007.
  34. ^ Dyer 2009.
  35. ^ Miller & Gluckman 2008.
  36. ^ Cho 2006, p. C3.
  37. ^ a b "War of the off buttons". Autoweek.
  38. ^ Hardy 2005.
  39. ^ a b c "Introducing The New Lexus IS". Lexus.
  40. ^ "Cadillac CTS vs Lexus IS - specifications". Auto Express.
  41. ^ Law 2000, p. OD02.
  42. ^ Moore 2005, p. 18.
  43. ^ a b c d Gritzinger 2005, pp. 14–16.
  44. ^ McNaughton 2006, p. W.10.
  45. ^ Chao 2006, p. 36.
  46. ^ Couture & Solochek 2011, p. G.1.
  47. ^ Burton 2007, pp. 1–2.
  48. ^ Smith 2006.
  49. ^ "Lexus inches closer with IS 250". Malay Mail.
  50. ^ Moore 2007, p. D8. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMoore2007 (help)
  51. ^ a b Duarte 2009, p. E.6.
  52. ^ "Lexus IS 250 luxury sport sedan offers new 'X Package'". Asbury Park Press.
  53. ^ Moore 2006, p. G27.
  54. ^ a b Booth 2007, p. W10. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBooth2007 (help)
  55. ^ "Accomplished performer: It's love at first drive with the Lexus IS 250's poise, refinement and easy-going nature". Bay of Plenty Times.
  56. ^ Torpey 2010, p. 54.
  57. ^ "2010 Lexus IS 250 Review & Ratings". Edmunds.
  58. ^ "2012 Lexus IS250 Expert Review". Motor Trend.
  59. ^ a b Fallah 2006.
  60. ^ Russ 2005.
  61. ^ "2008 Lexus IS250/350 4-DR w/SAB". NHTSA.
  62. ^ "Official Lexus IS 2006 safety rating". Euro NCAP.
  63. ^ "2009 Lexus IS". IIHS.
  64. ^ "Lexus IS (IS350/IS250)". Toyota.
  65. ^ "2006 Lexus IS 250 AWD: Also Featured: 2006 Hyundai Sonata LX, 2005 Nissan Xterra SE". Autoweek.
  66. ^ a b "Luxury and performance redefined". Kelowna Capital News.
  67. ^ Arrais 2006, p. C6.
  68. ^ Neil 2005, p. E3.
  69. ^ "2006 Lexus IS350 & IS250 V6 lineup AWD VVT-i". Motor Trend.
  70. ^ Elmer 2010, p. D.4.
  71. ^ "Lexus IS220d: the first Lexus diesel". Independent Online.

Works cited

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