User:40bus/IPA

Vowels edit

Near-close front unrounded vowel (sound between cardinal [i] and [e]): [i̞], [e̝], [ɪ̟]
Near-close front rounded vowel (sound between cardinal [y] and [ø]): [y̞], [ø̝], [ʏ̟]
Near-close back unrounded vowel (sound between cardinal [ɯ] and [ɤ]): [ɯ̞], [ɤ̝], [ɯ̠̽]
Near-close back rounded vowel (sound between cardinal [u] and [o]): [u̞], [o̝], [ʊ̠]

Dental, alveolar and postalveolar consonants edit

	Voiceless dental	Voiced dental	Voiceless alveolar	Voiced alveolar	Voiceless postalveolar	Voiced postalveolar
Nasal	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠
Plosive	t̪	d̪	t	d	t̠	d̠
Sibilant affricate	t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ
Spirant affricate	t̪θ	d̪ð	tθ̠ /tɹ̝̊	dð̠/dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̝̠̊	d̠ɹ̝̠
Sibilant fricative	s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ
Spirant fricative	θ	ð	θ̠ /ɹ̝̊	ð̠/ɹ̝	ɹ̝̠̊	ɹ̝̠
Approximant	ð̞̊/ɹ̪̊	ð̞/ɹ̪	ɹ̊	ɹ	ɹ̠̊	ɹ̠
Flap	ɾ̪̊	ɾ̪	ɾ̥	ɾ	ɾ̠̊	ɾ̠
Trill	r̪̊	r̪	r̥	r	r̠̊	r̠
Lateral affricate	t̪ɬ̪	d̪ɮ̪	tɬ	dɮ	t̠ɬ̠	d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative	ɬ̪	ɮ̪	ɬ	ɮ	ɬ̠	ɮ̠
Lateral approximant	l̪̊	l̪	l̥	l	l̠̊	l̠
Lateral flap	ɺ̪̊	ɺ̪	ɺ̊	ɺ	ɺ̠̊	ɺ̠

Alveolo-palatal, palatal and palato-velar consonants edit

	Voiceless alveolo-palatal	Voiced alveolo-palatal	Voiceless palatal	Voiced palatal	Voiceless palato-velar	Voiced palato-velar
Nasal	ɲ̟̊/n̠̊ʲ	ɲ̟/n̠ʲ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̟̊/ɲ̠̊	ŋ̟/ɲ̠
Plosive	c̟/t̠ʲ	ɟ̟/d̠ʲ	c	ɟ	k̟/c̠	g̟/ɟ̠
Sibilant affricate	t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ
Spirant affricate	cç̟/t̠ɹ̝̠̊ʲ	ɟʝ̟/d̠ɹ̝̠ʲ	cç	ɟʝ	kx̟/cç̠	gɣ̟/ɟʝ̠
Sibilant fricative	s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ
Spirant fricative	ç̟/ɹ̝̠̊ʲ	ʝ̟/ɹ̝̠ʲ	ç	ʝ	x̟/ç̠	ɣ̟/ʝ̠
Approximant	j̟̊/ɹ̠̊ʲ	j̟/ɹ̠ʲ	j̊	j	ɰ̟̊/j̠̊	ɰ̟/j̠
Flap	ɾ̠̊ʲ	ɾ̠ʲ	–	–	–	–
Trill	r̠̊ʲ	r̠ʲ	–	–	–	–
Lateral affricate	t̪ɬ̪	d̪ɮ̪	tɬ	dɮ	t̠ɬ̠	d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative	ʎ̝̟̊/ɬ̠ʲ	ʎ̝̟/ɮ̠ʲ	ʎ̝̊	ʎ̝	ʟ̟̝̊/ʎ̝̠̊	ʟ̟̝/ʎ̝̠
Lateral approximant	ʎ̟̊/l̠̊ʲ	ʎ̟/l̠ʲ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̟̊/ʎ̠̊	ʟ̟/ʎ̠
Lateral flap	ɺ̪̊	ɺ̪	ɺ̊	ɺ	ɺ̠̊	ɺ̠

Velar, velo-uvular and uvular consonants edit

	Voiceless velar	Voiced velar	Voiceless velo-uvular	Voiced velo-uvular	Voiceless uvular	Voiced uvular
Nasal	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥̟/ŋ̠̊	ɴ̟/ŋ̠	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	k	g	q̟/k̠	ɢ̟/g̠	q	ɢ
Affricate	kx	gɣ	qχ̟ /kx̠	ɢʁ̟/gɣ̠	qχ	ɢʁ
Fricative	x	ɣ	χ̟ /x̠	ʁ̟/ɣ̠	χ	ʁ
Approximant	ɰ̊	ɰ	ʁ̞̟̊/ɰ̠̊	ʁ̞̟/ɰ̠	ʁ̞̊	ʁ̞
Flap	–	–	ɢ̟̆̊/ʀ̟̆̊	ɢ̟̆/ʀ̟̆	ɢ̥̆/ʀ̥̆	ɢ̆/ʀ̆
Trill	–	–	ʀ̟̊	ʀ̟	ʀ̥	ʀ
Lateral affricate	t̪ɬ̪	d̪ɮ̪	tɬ	dɮ	t̠ɬ̠	d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative					ʟ̠̝̊	ʟ̠̝
Lateral approximant	ʟ̥	ʟ			ʟ̠̊	ʟ̠
Lateral flap	ɺ̪̊	ɺ̪	ɺ̊	ɺ	ɺ̠̊	ɺ̠

Implosives edit

Voiced edit

Voiced bilabial implosive: [ɓ]
Voiced labiodental implosive: [ɓ̪]
Voiced linguolabial implosive: [ɗ̼]/[ɓ̺]
Voiced dental implosive: [ɗ̪]
Voiced alveolar implosive: [ɗ]
Voiced postalveolar implosive: [ɗ̠]
Voiced retroflex implosive: [ᶑ]
Voiced alveolo-palatal implosive: [ʄ̟]/[ɗ̠ʲ]
Voiced palatal implosive: [ʄ]
Voiced palato-velar implosive: [ɠ̟]/[ʄ̠]
Voiced velar implosive: [ɠ]
Voiced velo-uvular implosive: [ʛ̟]/[ɠ̠]
Voiced uvular implosive: [ʛ]

Voiceless edit

More implosives edit

More implosives

Voiceless approximants edit

Central approximants edit

voiceless bilabial approximant [β̞̊]
voiceless labiodental approximant [ʋ̥]
voiceless dental approximant [ð̞̊]
voiceless alveolar approximant [ɹ̊]
voiceless retroflex approximant [ɻ̊] (a consonantal [ḁ])
voiceless palatal approximant [j̊] (a consonantal [i̊])
voiceless velar approximant [ɰ̊] (a consonantal [ɯ̊])
voiceless uvular approximant [ʁ̞̊]
voiceless pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞̊] (a consonantal [ɑ̥])

Lateral approximants edit

voiceless alveolar lateral approximant [l̥]
voiceless retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ̊]
voiceless palatal lateral approximant [ʎ̥]
voiceless velar lateral approximant [ʟ̥]
voiceless uvular lateral approximant [ʟ̠̊]

Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols edit

voiceless labialized velar approximant [w̥] (a consonantal [u̥])
voiceless labialized palatal approximant [ɥ̊] (a consonantal [ẙ])

Nasalised approximants edit

nasalised bilabial approximant [β̞̃]
nasalised labiodental approximant [ʋ̃]
nasalised dental approximant [ð̞̃]
nasalised alveolar approximant [ɹ̃]
nasalised retroflex approximant [ɻ̃] (a consonantal [ã])
naslaised palatal approximant [j̃] (a consonantal [ĩ])
nasalised velar approximant [ɰ̃] (a consonantal [ɯ̃])
nasalised uvular approximant [ʁ̞̃]
nasalised pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞̃] (a consonantal [ɑ̃])

Coarticulated nasalised approximants with dedicated IPA symbols edit

nasalised labialized velar approximant [w̃] (a consonantal [ũ])
nasalised labialized palatal approximant [ɥ̃] (a consonantal [ỹ])

Affrication edit

Affrication

Some vowels edit

Between [e] and [ɛ]: [e̞] or [ɛ̝]
Between [ø] and [œ]: [ø̞] or [œ̝]
Between [ɤ] and [ʌ]: [ɤ̞] or [ʌ̝]
Between [o] and [ɔ]: [o̞] or [ɔ̝]

Semivowels edit

	Front	Central	Back
Fricative	ʝ ʝʷ	ʝ̈ ɣ̈ʷ	ɣ ɣʷ
Semivowel	j ɥ	j̈ ẅ	ɰ w
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ	ɪ̈ ʊ̈	ɯ̽ ʊ

Dark L edit

Voiceless dental dark L [ɫ̪̊]
Voiced dental dark L [ɫ̪]
Voiceless dark L [ɫ̥]
Voiced dark L [ɫ]
Voiceless postalveolar dark L [ɫ̠̊]
Voiced postalveolar dark L [ɫ̠]

Affricates edit

Approximant affricates edit

Sound (voiceless)	IPA	Languages	Sound (voiced)	IPA	Languages
Voiceless bilabial approximant affricate	[pɸ]	Present allophonically in Kaingang and Taos. Not reported as a phoneme in any natural language.	Voiced bilabial approximant affricate	[bβ]	Allophonic in Banjun^[1] and Shipibo^[2]
Voiceless labiodental approximant affricate	[p̪ʋ̥]		Voiced labiodental approximant affricate	[b̪ʋ]
Voiceless dental approximant affricate	[t̪ð̞̊]		Voiced dental approximant affricate	[d̪ð̞]
Voiceless alveolar approximant affricate	[tɹ̊]		Voiced alveolar approximant affricate	[dɹ]
Voiceless retroflex approximant affricate	[tɻ̊]	Mapudungun ^{[verification needed]}, Malagasy	Voiced retroflex approximant affricate	[dɻ]	Malagasy
Voiceless palatal approximant affricate	[cj̊]	Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [c]), allophonically in Kaingang	Voiced palatal approximant affricate	[ɟj]	Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [ɟ]), some Spanish dialects. Not reported to contrast with a voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
Voiceless velar approximant affricate	[kɰ̊]		Voiced velar approximant affricate	[ɡɰ]
Voiceless uvular approximant affricate	[qʁ̞̊]		Voiced uvular approximant affricate	[ɢʁ̞]
Voiceless pharyngeal approximant affricate	[ʡħ]	Haida. Not reported to contrast with an epiglottal stop [ʡ]	Voiced pharyngeal approximant affricate	[ʡʕ]	Not attested in any natural language
Voiceless glottal affricate	[ʔh]	Yuxi dialect, allophonic in Received Pronunciation^[3]	Voiced glottal affricate	[ʔɦ]	Not attested in any natural language

^ "Phoible 2.0 -". Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
^ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001).
^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 148.

[1] "Phoible 2.0 -". Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2020-12-27.

[FOOTNOTEValenzuelaMárquez_PinedoMaddieson2001-2] Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001).

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003148-3] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 148.

[1]

[2]

[3]