Unaffiliated (2) Democratic-Republican (4) Democratic (15) Whig (4) Republican (19) National Union (2) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presidency[a] | President | Prior office[b] | Party[c] | Term[d] | Vice President | |||
1 | April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 |
![]() |
George Washington 1732–1799 (Lived: 67 years) [1][2][3] |
Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783) |
Unaffiliated [4] |
(1788–89) 1 (1789) |
John Adams [e][f] | |
(1792) 2 (1793) | ||||||||
2 | March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1805 |
![]() |
Thomas Jefferson 1743–1826 (Lived: 83 years) [5][6][7] |
2nd United States Secretary of State |
Democratic- Republican |
(1796) 4 (1797) |
John Jay March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 | |
(1800) 5 (1801) |
Aaron Burr March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805 | |||||||
3 | March 4, 1805 – March 11, 1805 (Died in office) |
![]() |
Aaron Burr 1756–1805 (Lived: 49 years) [8][9][10] |
3rd
Vice President of the United States |
Democratic- Republican |
(1804) 6 (1805) |
George Clinton March 4, 1809 – | |
(1812) 7 (1813) | ||||||||
5 | March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
![]() |
James Monroe 1758–1831 (Lived: 73 years) [11][12][13] |
7th United States Secretary of State (1811–1817) |
Democratic- Republican |
(1816) 8 (1817) |
Daniel D. Tompkins | |
(1820) 9 (1821) | ||||||||
6 | March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 |
![]() |
John Quincy Adams 1767–1848 (Lived: 80 years) [14][15][16] |
8th United States Secretary of State (1817–1825) |
Democratic- Republican |
(1824) 10 (1825) |
John C. Calhoun | |
7 | March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837 |
![]() |
Andrew Jackson 1767–1845 (Lived: 78 years) [17][18][19] |
U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1797–1798 & 1823–1825) |
Democratic | (1828) 11 (1829) |
John C. Calhoun [g] March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832 (Resigned from office) | |
Office vacant (Balance of Calhoun's term) | ||||||||
(1832) 12 (1833) |
Martin Van Buren March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837 | |||||||
8 | March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 |
![]() |
Martin Van Buren 1782–1862 (Lived: 79 years) [20][21][22] |
8th Vice President of the United States |
Democratic | (1836) 13 (1837) |
Richard Mentor Johnson | |
9 | March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 (Died in office) |
![]() |
William Henry Harrison 1773–1841 (Lived: 68 years) [23][24][25] |
United States Minister to Colombia (1828–1829) |
Whig | (1840) 14 (1841) (1841) [h] |
John Tyler (Succeeded to presidency) | |
10 | April 4, 1841 [i] – March 4, 1845 |
![]() |
John Tyler 1790–1862 (Lived: 71 years) [26][27][28] |
10th Vice President of the United States |
Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 |
Office vacant | ||
Unaffiliated September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845 [j] | ||||||||
11 | March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
![]() |
James K. Polk 1795–1849 (Lived: 53 years) [29][30][31] |
9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841) |
Democratic | (1844) 15 (1845) |
George M. Dallas | |
12 | March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 (Died in office) |
![]() |
Zachary Taylor 1784–1850 (Lived: 65 years) [32][33][34] |
Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army (1846–1849) (No prior elected office) |
Whig | (1848) 16 (1849) (1850) [h] |
Millard Fillmore (Succeeded to presidency) | |
13 | July 9, 1850 [k] – March 4, 1853 |
![]() |
Millard Fillmore 1800–1874 (Lived: 74 years) [35][36][37] |
12th Vice President of the United States |
Whig | Office vacant | ||
14 | March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857 |
![]() |
Franklin Pierce 1804–1869 (Lived: 64 years) [38][39][40] |
Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army (1847–1848) |
Democratic | (1852) 17 (1853) |
William R. King March 4 – April 18, 1853 (Died in office) | |
Office vacant (Balance of King's term) | ||||||||
15 | March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
![]() |
James Buchanan 1791–1868 (Lived: 77 years) [41][42][43] |
United States Minister to the Court of St James's (1853–1856) |
Democratic | (1856) 18 (1857) |
John C. Breckinridge | |
16 | March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 (Died in office) |
![]() |
Abraham Lincoln 1809–1865 (Lived: 56 years) [44][45][46] |
U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th District (1847–1849) |
Republican (National Union) [l] |
(1860) 19 (1861) |
Hannibal Hamlin March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865 | |
(1864) 20 (1865) (1865) [h] |
Andrew Johnson March 4 – April 15, 1865 (Succeeded to presidency) | |||||||
17 | April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 |
![]() |
Andrew Johnson 1808–1875 (Lived: 66 years) [47][48][49] |
16th Vice President of the United States |
National Union April 15, 1865 – c. 1868 |
Office vacant | ||
Democratic c. 1868 – March 4, 1869 [m] | ||||||||
18 | March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 |
![]() |
Ulysses S. Grant 1822–1885 (Lived: 63 years) [50][51][52] |
Commanding General of the U.S. Army (1864–1869) (No prior elected office) |
Republican | (1868) 21 (1869) |
Schuyler Colfax March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873 | |
(1872) 22 (1873) |
Henry Wilson March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 (Died in office) | |||||||
Office vacant (Balance of Wilson's term) | ||||||||
19 | March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
![]() |
Rutherford B. Hayes 1822–1893 (Lived: 70 years) [53][54][55] |
29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio (1868–1872 & 1876–1877) |
Republican | (1876) 23 (1877) |
William A. Wheeler | |
20 | March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 (Died in office) |
![]() |
James A. Garfield 1831–1881 (Lived: 49 years) [56][57][58] |
U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District (1863–1881) |
Republican | (1880) 24 (1881) (1881) [h] |
Chester A. Arthur (Succeeded to presidency) | |
21 | September 19, 1881 [n] – March 4, 1885 |
![]() |
Chester A. Arthur 1829–1886 (Lived: 57 years) [59][60][61] |
20th Vice President of the United States |
Republican | Office vacant | ||
22 | March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
![]() |
Grover Cleveland 1837–1908 (Lived: 71 years) [62][63] |
28th Governor of New York (1883–1885) |
Democratic | (1884) 25 (1885) |
Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 – November 25, 1885 (Died in office) | |
Office vacant (Balance of Hendricks' term) | ||||||||
23 | March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 |
![]() |
Benjamin Harrison 1833–1901 (Lived: 67 years) [64][65][66] |
U.S. Senator from Indiana (1881–1887) |
Republican | (1888) 26 (1889) |
Levi P. Morton | |
24 | March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
![]() |
Grover Cleveland 1837–1908 (Lived: 71 years) [62][63] |
22nd President of the United States (1885–1889) |
Democratic | (1892) 27 (1893) |
Adlai Stevenson | |
25 | March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 (Died in office) |
![]() |
William McKinley 1843–1901 (Lived: 58 years) [67][68][69] |
39th Governor of Ohio (1892–1896) |
Republican | (1896) 28 (1897) |
Garret Hobart March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 (Died in office) | |
Office vacant (Balance of Hobart's term) | ||||||||
(1900) 29 (1901) (1901) [h] |
Theodore Roosevelt March 4 – September 14, 1901 (Succeeded to presidency) | |||||||
26 | September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909 |
![]() |
Theodore Roosevelt 1858–1919 (Lived: 60 years) [70][71][72] |
25th Vice President of the United States |
Republican | Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905 | ||
(1904) 30 (1905) |
Charles W. Fairbanks March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909 | |||||||
27 | March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 |
![]() |
William Howard Taft 1857–1930 (Lived: 72 years) [73][74][75] |
42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–1908) |
Republican | (1908) 31 (1909) |
James S. Sherman March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 (Died in office) | |
Office vacant (Balance of Sherman's term) | ||||||||
28 | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
![]() |
Woodrow Wilson 1856–1924 (Lived: 67 years) [76][77][78] |
34th Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913) |
Democratic | (1912) 32 (1913) |
Thomas R. Marshall | |
(1916) 33 (1917) | ||||||||
29 | March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 (Died in office) |
![]() |
Warren G. Harding 1865–1923 (Lived: 57 years) [79][80][81] |
U.S. Senator from Ohio (1915–1921) |
Republican | (1920) 34 (1921) (1923) [h] |
Calvin Coolidge (Succeeded to presidency) | |
30 | August 2, 1923 [o] – March 4, 1929 |
![]() |
Calvin Coolidge 1872–1933 (Lived: 60 years) [82][83][84] |
29th Vice President of the United States |
Republican | Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925 | ||
(1924) 35 (1925) |
Charles G. Dawes March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929 | |||||||
31 | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
![]() |
Herbert Hoover 1874–1964 (Lived: 90 years) [85][86][87] |
3rd United States Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928) (No prior elected office) |
Republican | (1928) 36 (1929) |
Charles Curtis | |
32 | March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 (Died in office) |
![]() |
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882–1945 (Lived: 63 years) [88][89][90] |
44th Governor of New York (1929–1932) |
Democratic | (1932) 37 (1933) |
John Nance Garner March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941 [p] | |
(1936) 38 (1937) | ||||||||
(1940) 39 (1941) |
Henry A. Wallace January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945 | |||||||
(1944) 40 (1945) (1945) [h] |
Harry S. Truman January 20 – April 12, 1945 (Succeeded to presidency) | |||||||
33 | April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 |
![]() |
Harry S. Truman 1884–1972 (Lived: 88 years) [91][92][93] |
34th Vice President of the United States |
Democratic | Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949 | ||
(1948) 41 (1949) |
Alben W. Barkley January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953 | |||||||
34 | January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 |
![]() |
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890–1969 (Lived: 78 years) [94][95][96] |
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1949–1952) (No prior elected office) |
Republican | (1952) 42 (1953) |
Richard Nixon | |
(1956) 43 (1957) | ||||||||
35 | January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 (Died in office) |
![]() |
John F. Kennedy 1917–1963 (Lived: 46 years) [97][98][99] |
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960) |
Democratic | (1960) 44 (1961) (1963) [h] |
Lyndon B. Johnson (Succeeded to presidency) | |
36 | November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 |
![]() |
Lyndon B. Johnson 1908–1973 (Lived: 64 years) [100][101] |
37th Vice President of the United States |
Democratic | Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965 | ||
(1964) 45 (1965) |
Hubert Humphrey January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969 | |||||||
37 | January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 (Resigned from office) |
![]() |
Richard Nixon 1913–1994 (Lived: 81 years) [102][103][104] |
36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) |
Republican | (1968) 46 (1969) |
Spiro Agnew January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 (Resigned from office) | |
(1972) 47 (1973) (1974) [h] | ||||||||
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973 | ||||||||
Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 (Succeeded to presidency) | ||||||||
38 | August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
![]() |
Gerald Ford 1913–2006 (Lived: 93 years) [105][106][107] |
40th Vice President of the United States |
Republican | Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974 | ||
Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | ||||||||
39 | January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
![]() |
Jimmy Carter Born 1924 (99 years old) [108][109][110] |
76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975) |
Democratic | (1976) 48 (1977) |
Walter Mondale | |
40 | January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
![]() |
Ronald Reagan 1911–2004 (Lived: 93 years) [111][112][113] |
33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) |
Republican | (1980) 49 (1981) |
George H. W. Bush | |
(1984) 50 (1985) | ||||||||
41 | January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
![]() |
George H. W. Bush Born 1924 (100 years old) [114][115][116] |
43rd Vice President of the United States |
Republican | (1988) 51 (1989) |
Dan Quayle | |
42 | January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
![]() |
Bill Clinton Born 1946 (78 years old) [117][118][119] |
40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981 & 1983–1992) |
Democratic | (1992) 52 (1993) |
Al Gore | |
(1996) 53 (1997) | ||||||||
43 | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
![]() |
George W. Bush Born 1946 (78 years old) [120][121] |
46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) |
Republican | (2000) 54 (2001) |
Dick Cheney | |
(2004) 55 (2005) | ||||||||
44 | January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
![]() |
Barack Obama Born 1961 (63 years old) [122][123] |
U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008) |
Democratic | (2008) 56 (2009) |
Joe Biden | |
(2012) 57 (2013) | ||||||||
45 | January 20, 2017 – Incumbent |
![]() |
Donald Trump Born 1946 (78 years old) [124][125] |
Chairman of The Trump Organization (1971–2017) (No prior elected office) |
Republican | (2016) 58 (2017) |
Mike Pence |
References
edit- ^ "George Washington". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "George Washington". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
GWpps
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Thomas Jefferson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Thomas Jefferson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "James Madison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "James Madison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "James Monroe". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "James Monroe". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "John Quincy Adams". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "John Quincy Adams". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Andrew Jackson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Martin Van Buren". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Martin Van Buren". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "William Henry Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "William Henry Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "John Tyler". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "John Tyler". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "James K. Polk". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "James K. Polk". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Zachary Taylor". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Zachary Taylor". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Millard Fillmore". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Millard Fillmore". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Franklin Pierce". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Franklin Pierce". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "James Buchanan". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "James Buchanan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of James Buchanan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Abraham Lincoln". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Abraham Lincoln". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Andrew Johnson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Andrew Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "James Garfield". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "James A. Garfield". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of James Garfield". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Chester A. Arthur". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Chester A. Arthur". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ a b "Grover Cleveland". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ a b "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Benjamin Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Benjamin Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "William McKinley". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "William McKinley". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of William McKinley". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "William Howard Taft". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "William Howard Taft". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of William Howard Taft". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Woodrow Wilson". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Woodrow Wilson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Warren G. Harding". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Warren G. Harding". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Calvin Coolidge". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Calvin Coolidge". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Herbert Hoover". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Herbert Hoover". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ "Harry S. Truman". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Harry Truman". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "John F. Kennedy". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "John F. Kennedy". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Richard M. Nixon". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Richard M. Nixon". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Gerald Ford". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "James Carter". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan". whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "George Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Bill Clinton". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ^ "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "George W. Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ "Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Barack Obama". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
- ^ "President Donald J. Trump". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ "Donald Trump". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha>
tags or {{efn}}
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
template or {{notelist}}
template (see the help page).