User:पाटलिपुत्र/sandbox

Xiongnu

Xiongnu horseman on bronze plaque.

• "Ancient bronze plaque showing horseman with prominent cheekbones and full beard, from Troitskosavsk,Transbaikalia.", similar to the Xiongnu statue of Huo Qubing.

• Bronze plaque in form of a man. Ordos type, 3rd–1st c. BCE. OA 1922.6-1.20 [1] Museum notice for OA 1922.6-1.20. "Bronze plaque from the Ordos region, showing a man of Europoid stock with wide open eyes and moustache".
• Xiongnu sword

Shang

• Shang dynasty map of contemporary continental Asia

Karasuk culture (1500–800 BCE)

"The Karasuk culture is a Late Bronze Age culture that succeeded the Andronovo culture in southern Siberia (late second millenium BC.). Karasuk people were farmers who practiced metallurgy on a large scale. They produced a realistic animal art, which probably contributed to the development of the later Scytho-Siberian animal art style. The Karasuk culture was replaced by the early Iron Age Tagar culture (1rst millenium BC.) which Xourished in Khakassia (southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Krai) producing an art of animal motifs related to that of the Scythians of southern European Russia. On the Yenisey River, the Tagar culture was replaced by the Tashtyk culture, dating from the 1rst to fourth century AD."
in Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (16 May 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". Human Genetics. 126 (3): 395–410. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0. PMID 19449030. S2CID 21347353.

Karasuk culture diffusion.

Moreover, the south Siberian tribes under study (Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar) have been described as exhibiting pronounced Europoid features (Kozintsev et al. 1999; Lebedynsky 2003; Moiseyev 2006). (p. 405)

(p. 406):
S18 Blue or brown eye, blond or light brown hair, fair or medium skin – European
S19 Blue or brown eye, blond or light brown hair, fair or medium skin – European

(p.408, on Tocharians): "Two hypotheses have been offered by archaeologists to account for the origins of these Bronze Age people believed to have spoken an Indo-European language called Tocharian and depicted as possessing red or blonde hair, long noses and blue or green eyes: the “steppe hypothesis” and the “Bactrian oasis hypothesis”. Proponents of the latter assert that settlement of the Xinjiang came from sedentary based population of the Oxus civilisation found in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, whereas proponents of the “steppe hypothesis” maintain that the Tarim region experienced a colonization attributed to Afanasievo and Andronovo populations who migrated to Xinjiang from the Altai–Minusinsk regions north of the Tarim Basin (Hemphill and Mallory 2004). Our results corroborate the “steppe hypothesis”."

Andronovo

Andronovo culture phenotypes (Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (16 May 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". Human Genetics. 126 (3): 406. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0. PMID 19449030. S2CID 21347353.):
S07 Brown Blue or brown eye, dark brown hair, fair or medium skin Asian
S08 Brown – Asian
S09 Blue Blue or brown eye, blond or light brown hair, fair or medium skin European
S10 – Blue or brown eye, brown hair European
S11 Blue – European
S13 – Blue or brown eye, blond or light brown hair, fair or medium skin European
S14 Brown Blue or brown eye, brown hair, fair or medium skin European
S15 Blue – European
S16 Blue Blue or brown eye, blond or light brown hair, fair or medium skin European

Arzhan culture

8th century BCE deerstone, Arzhan-1. State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, 2830/23.

An 8th century BCE deerstone, Arzhan village (next to Arzhan 1). Expedition of L. S. Marsadolov, 1989. State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, 2830/23.

Location of Arzhan 1= 52.061548°N 93.597545°E / 52.061548; 93.597545
Location of Arzhan 2= 52.096060°N 93.711143°E / 52.096060; 93.711143

Not sure "Aržan culture" is a more current spelling compared to "Arzhan culture".

• 
  Arzhan-2 daggers and knives (Prince and Princess)

Mamluks and Arabic language

"What strongly distinguishes the Turks is of course their language, as strange for other Muslims, Persians, Kurds and Arabs as for Christians, Orientals, Greeks and Latins. This language, with its sounds that are appreciated in different ways, is that of the military and political elite of Egypt, Syria and Iraq. It is spoken by everyone in Seljuk and Turkoman Anatolia; and Turkophones in the Near East are often criticized for speaking Arabic and Persian very poorly, when they are not completely ignorant of these languages. (...) The sultans of Egypt Kalâwun, Katbugâ or Barsbay had only a summary knowledge of Arabic. Some Mamluks communicated only through an interpreter, others took decades to learn the language of their subjects, and most spoke with a strong accent and many Turkish expressions."

Kipchaks

Near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars, of Kipchak origin

A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars, of Kipchak origin: enthroned ruler and attendants in the Baptistère de Saint Louis (1320–1340).

Ancient Northeast Asian

Ancient Northeast Asian, Prehistoric Mongolia, Neolithic in Mongolia.
Objects from Eastern Mongolia, contemporaneously with the Afanasievo culture.
Timeline and geographic placement

While the Afanasievo culture was present in the Altai and western and central Mongolia, elements of a distinct neolithic culture were present in eastern Mongolia.

• 
  Neolithic stone amulet, Dornod, Mongolia, 4000–3000 BCE
• 
  Neolithic necklace, Dornod, Mongolia, 4000–3000 BCE
• 
  Neolithic necklace, Dornod, Mongolia, 4000–3000 BCE
• 
  Neolithic stone microblades

Afanasievo petroglyphs

The attribution of these petroglyphs to the Afanasievo culture is supported by stratigraphy as well as stylistic similarities between the line patterns on the petroglyphs and those on known Afanasievo ceramics.

"The Khuroogiin Uzuur (Хуроогийн узуур) petroglyphs are applied to the surface of basalt boulders and rock outcrops of several hills along the right bank of the Khoyt Tamir River. Their most ancient layer is represented, first of all, by images of ungulates: goats and rams, horses, bulls." "The most important find is the image of a horse, the body of which is completely covered with an ornament consisting of several rows of parallel inclined lines located at an angle to each other in the form of a “herringbone” or “fish bones” (Fig. 1, 2). Such an ornament, first of all, reveals an analogy with the decor of the Afanasievo ceramics of the Eneolithic era of Central Asia, for which it is the most widespread and traditional (Fig. 1, 3–5)." "The connection of the monument with the Afanasievo culture of Mongolia is probable." in

Akhtala Monastery

Jewish notables from the Bible, depicted in Akhtala Monastery.

The Fresco depicting "Muslims" in the Akhtala Complex:
"The Jewish details from the Gospel accounts have been translated into the language of Muslim motifs. This was more comprehensible for the 13th-century inhabitant of the Caucasus and aroused an acute, specific and unequivocally negative response. The traditional Jewish headwear of the high priests were transformed into elaborate turbans, the scrolls open in front of them contain something similar to Arabic script, while the Jew in the background of «Christ before Pilate» is shown as a Seljuk Turk with a shaven chin, long moustaches and a cap that recall the fez." p.393
Also remove from Haghpat Monastery article, where it is mis-attributed to that monastery.

Bagratuni dynasty

Smbat and Gurgen Bagratuni, relief from Sanahin monastery.

Smbat and Gurgen Bagratuni, relief from Sanahin Monastery.

Upper Xiajiadian

Artifacts, including charriot hook [2]

Chawuhugou-1

Chawuhugou 察吾乎沟文化 Saka site in the Tarim Basin, 8–6th century.

Yanglang culture

Yanglang culture

-500 SAKAS Tasmola Kulay Goro- khovo Itkul Sargat Ananyino culture Massagetae Sauro- matians Mumun Dian culture SABEANS Ordos culture Sha- jing Pazyryk Tagar Chandman Aldy-Bel YUEZHI Subeshi ACHAEMENID EMPIRE MAHA- JANAPADAS ZHOU DYNASTY Slab-grave culture DONGHU MEROË Scythians class=notpageimage| Location of the Yanglang culture (), with contemporary cultures in the 6th–5th century BCE
Geographical range	Ningxia, Gansu
Dates	6th–3rd century BCE
Major sites	36.01°N 106.257°E / 36.01; 106.257
Preceded by	Ordos culture (800–150 BCE) Shajing culture (800–200 BCE)
Followed by	Qin dynasty

The Yanglang culture (杨郎青铜文化, 6th–3rd century BCE) is an early archeological culture of northwestern China, mainly identified by burial grounds in the southern part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and in the adjacent Qingyang County of eastern Gansu. The culture is named after the Bronze culture Yanglang cemetery (杨郎墓地), excavated in 1989 in Guyuan, Ningxia. Other sites are the Pengbao cemetery (彭堡墓地) and Wang Dahu cemetery (王大户墓地). These sites are characterized by Chinese archaeology as belonging to the "Northern Bronze cultures of the Spring and Autumn Period" (春秋战国北方青铜文化), related to the Xirong (西戎) people. The famous Majiayuan site is considered as representative of the end of the Yanglang culture.

The Yanglang culture is thought to have been directly or indirectly connected to the Saka (Scythian) culture, with suggestions of direct prenetration of Saka groups into North China. The animal style of the funeral artifacts in particular connects it to the world of the steppes. In particular, the decorated chariots and many artifacts have strong resemblance with Saka objects from the Issyk-kul kurgan.

• 
  Gold belt plaques in animal style found in Majiayuan M4, Gansu.
• 
  Gold plate in the form of walking feline found in Majiayuan M3, Gansu. The animal style of the funeral artifacts in particular connects it to the world of the steppes.
• 
  Majiayuan tomb figurines.

Tocharians

(p. 201) "Wall paintings of Tocharian speakers depict these individuals as possessing red or blond hair, long noses, blue or green eyes, and wearing broadswords inserted in scabbards hanging from their waists."

• "Genetically the Tocharians Tarim originated from the afanasievo culture, but with the contribution of other populations such as bmac, Baikal HG and Yellow farmer, this gene influx was received from these populations during the Bronze and Iron Ages." Genetics reference:

Sultanate of Rum ("Literature"/ "Weapons")

Horseman with Anatolian Seljuk equipement, in Varka and Golshah, mid-13th century miniature (detail), Konya, Sultanate of Rum.

The earliest known illustrated manuscript in the Persian language is an early 13th century copy of the epic Varka and Golshah, which was most probably created in Konya, under the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. It can be dated to circa 1250.

The miniatures represent typical Central Asian people, thickset with large round heads. They also provide rare depictions of the contemporary military of the Seljuk period, and may have influenced other known depictions of Turkic Seljuk soldiers. All depicted costumes and accoutrements are contemporary to the artist, in the 13th century CE. The miniatures constitute the first known example of illustrated Persian-language manuscript, dating from the pre-Mongol era, and are useful in studying weapons of the period. Particularly, metal face masks and chainmail helmets in Turkic fashion, and armor with small metal plates connected through straps, large round shields (the largest of them called "kite-shields") and long teardrop shields, armoured horses are depicted. The weapons and armour types depicted in the miniatures were common in the Middle East and the Caucasus in the Seljuk era.

• 
  Rabī cuts his adversary in half. Battle scene, in Varka and Golshah, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia.
• 
  Rabi wounds Varqa in the thigh. Varka and Golshah, mid-13th century Seljuk Anatolia
• 
  Rabi, armoured with lamellar Jawshan cuirass and mail hauberk beneath his tunic, armed with long single-edged sword and large round shield. Supported by infantrymen with kite-shaped shields

Ani

Copper Alloy Fals of Sulayman Khan, Ani mint, (1339–1343)

Silver Dirham of Anushirwan, Ani mint, 747 H (1346–1347).

> Coinage at the time of Zakarid Armenia: "According to the results of the archaeological excavations carried out in the city of Ani, it was understood that gold, silver and bronze coins were minted in the mints by Mahmud Ghazan Khan, Olcaytu Sultan Muhammad Khan, Suleiman Khan and Anushirwan during the Ilkhanid period, starting with the Seljuk Sultan Melikshah".

Zakarids

More detailed ref needed [3] Strayer, Joseph, ed. (1982). Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-684-19073-0. The degree of Armenian dependence on Georgia during this period is still the subject of considerable controversy. The numerous Zak'arid inscriptions leave no doubt that they considered themselves Armenians, and they often acted independently.

Coinage of Jalal al-Din Mangubarni, minted in Tiflis, Georgia, 1226–1230

Jalal al-Din Mangburni ruled over most of Georgia and Armenia in 1225-1230. "King Giorgi Lasha, wounded in battle, died in 1223 and was succeeded by his sister Rusudan (1223-1245). In the third year of her reign, Georgia was invaded by Turkmen tribes under the Khwarazm shah, Jalal al-Din. When the commander of the Georgian army, Ioanne Mkhargrdzeli, was defeated at Garni, the roads to Gandja, Kars, Lori, and Tbilisi were open to the conquering shah, who ruled eastern Georgia and much of Armenia until 1230."

The Georgian army in 1254 was about 90.000 men. "Worst of all was qalani, or conscription, which, after the 1254 census, was set at one soldier per nine registered male householder. The Georgian army could field 90,000 men, which puts the population of Georgia and Christian Armenia then at around two and a half million." IA

Jaqeli

A group portrait of Princes Jaqeli (from left to right: Sargis I Jaqeli (Sabas), Beka, Sargis, and Kvarkvare)

Role of Sargis I Jaqeli, of the hereditary principate of Samtskhe, who became de facto independent of the kings of Georgia under the protectorate of the Ilkhanate in 1268.

"In the lower register of the south wing, four feudal lords are represented full size, turning to the left (east) to Sabas the Purified, who is depicted standing in an arched aedicule. St. Sabas' figure is executed with iconographical accuracy. (...) The noblemen in front of Saba are members of a powerful feudal family, the Jaqeli. The closest one to Sabas is a white-bearded old man in a church garment. He has a small black hat and is dressed in a long robe and a cloak. He is identified by the accompanying inscription as Sargis Jaqeli (d. 1285), who took monastic vows with the name Sabas. Behind him stands a middle-aged man dressed as a noble holding a church in his hand. This is Beka Jaqeli ( ca. 1240-1306 ), the son of Sargis-Sabas, the mandaturtukhutsesi (chief of police) of the Georgian king. The church he holds in his hand is St. Sabas in Sapara, which he is presenting to St. Sabas. Next to Beka Jaqeli are depicted his sons: Sargis II (governor of Samtskhe 1306-34) and Kvarkvare I (governor of Samtskhe 1334-61)." Full relevant text visible here

"Thus construction of the church of St. Sabas in Sapara was financed by Beka I Jaqeli, and the architect was Parezasdze ( Pareza's son ), who " built the church from its foundations." It was constructed at the end of the thirteeth century."

Elements of Jaqeli history in IA Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of empires : a history of Georgia. London : Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6. Also in Suny, Ronald Grigor (22 October 1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition. Indiana University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-253-20915-3.

Costumes

About the depiction of Khutlubuga: "This court dress is identical to that worn by his contemporaries across the region, among them the Georgian nobleman Beka Jaqeli, who built a major church at Sapara monastery in Samtskhe, southern Georgia, about 1300 (fig. 4.6). This painting survives in much better condition than that at Haghpat, and reveals the finery of the court robes at this time: the gold hem of the caftan with tiraz bands on the sleeves (adorned in Kufic); the embroidered undertunic visible at both neck and knees; the heavy adornment of the boots and fur lining of the broad-rimmed cap." in Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2021). Monumental Painting and the Role of Images in Armenia under the Mongols. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1588397379.}}

Figural Khatchkar cross of Sadun Artsruni

Sadun Artsruni, figural Khatchkar cross, Haghpat Monastery, 1273

"The paintings at Haghpat were the second set of works at the monastery to change the visual environment of its worshipers. Just before the paintings were commissioned, the monastery had been given another new work of art, a khachkar, which had been commissioned for Khutlu-Buga’s father, Sadun, in 1273 (fig. 4.7). (...) Sadun’s khachkar stands out from most by the inclusion of figural imagery overlying the traditional symbol of the cross, which now becomes a field for a complex narrative that combines the depiction of the Crucifixion with the Descent from the Cross. (...) The phenomenon of figural khachkars was short lived, and only four such examples are known, all dating from the final decades of the thirteenth century. Like the figural paintings, these khachkars seem to reflect new ideas and artistic forms entering traditional Armenian spaces from an outside source." in Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2021). Monumental Painting and the Role of Images in Armenia under the Mongols. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 43. ISBN 978-1588397379.

Georgia

In 1245, Arghun Aqa divided the vilayet of Georgia into eight dumnas, each supporting 10,000 Mongol soldiers, and ruled by Georgian nobles. > follows details of the dumnas and their appointed rulers in IA Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of empires : a history of Georgia. London : Reaktion Books. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6.

Northern Complex

Dongbei cultures, in Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections - The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2002. pp. 16ff.

"This distinct cultural region, often called the "Northern Zone" of China, comprises the interlocking desert, steppe, and forest regions from Heilongjiang and Jilin in the east to Xinjiang in the West."

"It was during the Bronze Age that a distinct northern culture merged. During the latter part of the Shang dynasty (ca. 1200-1050 B.C.), northern China already featured a clearly discernible cultural complex undeniably distinct from that of the Central Plain (Zhongyuan 中原). This Northern Complex cannot be regarded as a single culture; rather different communities shared similar inventory of bronze objects across a wide area. This inventory allows us to establish borad connections with bronze civilizations of North Asia, West Asia, and China."

"Connections between the Northern Zone and South Siberia, in particular the Karasuk and Tagar cultures, are beyond doubt, and it is safe to say that the evolution of pastoral cultures in northern China, while displaying an original and distinctive history, was not an isolated phenomenon."

"Stuart Piggott was the first to draw attention to the similarity of the Shang chariots to the chariot from Lchashen in Armenia, and now this idea has been developed in works by Chinese authors. The main difference in these chariots is the large number of spokes. It is significant that, at the same time, chariots with a large number of spokes appeared in the Karasuk Culture of southern Siberia. On the Karasuk petroglyphs, they have 7, 14 and 17 spokes. In the same period, on the northern periphery of the Shang civilization, the so-called Northern Complex formed, which reflects the Shang interactions with the Karasuk Culture. The similarity of the Shang chariots with the chariot from Lchashen in Armenia may be explained by the fact that the Karasuk Culture was formed as a result of the influence of alien tribes on the local Andronovo substrate. There are many inclusions in the culture with parallels in the Transcaucasia and Iran."

Difficulty in associating with "foreign people" known from Chinese records: "Countless efforts to identify some of die alien peoples (Xianyun 猃狁, Rong 戎, Qiang 羌, and Di 狄 in particular) that figure prominently in pre-Han written records with pastoral nomadic cultures have so far failed to yield firm results."

Technology

• Spread of iron to China: "Iron metallurgy is likely to have spread in the Northern Zone before its general appearance in the Central Plain, with iron objects found in Xinjiang in the ninth century B.C. and in Inner Mongolia and the northeast by no later than the mid-seventh century B.C."
  
• " In 307 B.C. King Wuling of Zhao, influenced by the nomads, introduced cavalry into his army."
  

Periodization

1) The Second Millenium B.C.
"At this early stage the frontier appears to have been a broad belt of cultural transition between the Shang civilization and the bronze cultures of Central Asia and South Siberia. Though northern peoples displayed different cultural traits, such as distinct ceramic objects, burial customs, habitations, and economic structures, certain characteristic elements, such as bronze weapons, became widely adopted throughout the Northern Zone, and this common metallurgical culture was different and independent from that of the Central Plain.
Characteristic weapons are in bronze, especially daggers, knives, axes, mirrors, and a "bow-shaped" object.
"At this early stage the Animal Style is expressed in the Northern Zone mainly in the form of ornamental animal heads in the round attached to the end of knife handles and dagger hilts."

• 
  Karasuk culture knives
• 
  Shang period Yinxu knives
• 
  Karasuk culture bronze rein holders
• 
  Shang bronze rein holders, ca. 11th century B.C.
• 
  Dagger with an animal head from Bayankhongor Province (Tevsh culture) and jingle-head knife from Zavkhan Province, Mongolia.

2) Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.)

• 
  Bronze dagger with motifs of horses from the Xiaoheishigou Site, Upper Xiajiadian culture, early 8th Century BCE. Inner Mongolia Museum.
• 
  Motif of four horses in Animal style (Hilt of bronze dagger, early 8th Century BCE).

3) Mid-Spring and Autumn to Early Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.)
Prelude to the rise of the Xiongnu.
"This period witnessed the appearance of fully developed steppe pastoral nomads who may be regarded as the cultural ancestors of the Xiongnu and can be termed "early nomadic." "
"The Saka culture in Xinjiang, the Shajing culture in Gansu, the Ordos complex in Inner Mongolia, and the Upper Xiajiadian culture of Liaoning, all point to a transition from mixed agropastoral to predominantly or exclusively pastoral nomadic cultures. "

• 
  An elk from Longqu (龙渠乡), Zhangye, Shajing culture, 475–221 BCE. Shajing culture.
• 
  Ornament in the Shape of a Stag, Northeast China, 6th century BCE.
• 
  Finial with Wild Ram, Northeast China, 7-6th century BCE.
• 
  Short Sword and Sheath with Animal Motifs, Northeast China, 7-6th century BCE.
• 
  Harness Jingle with Mounted Hunters, Northeast China, 7-6th century BCE.

</gallery>

Misc.

Miniature from the Majma al-Tawarikh by Hafiz Abru circa 1425, depicting the accession to the throne by Alp Arslan

• Replace with English map in en articles
• Completion of Jami' al-tawarikh in 1305–1306.
• Timeline
• The Sauromatians: Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). The Sarmatians. New York, Praeger. pp. 39-.
• The Sauromatians: Смирнов К. Ф., Петренко В. Г. Савроматы Поволжья и Южного Приуралья. Ч.3. Plates
• Zakarid Armenia: coinage at Ani of Suleiman Khan (minted 1339–1343), and Anushirwan (minted 1346–1350)
• Alp Arslan, second ruler of the Seljuk Empire
• Ilkhanid Suleiman Khan >
• Avag Zakarian > mention the Battle of Bolnisi, which he led
• Coin and map for Atabegs of Yazd
• Coin of Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)
• Togha Temür gold coin
• Oljeitu Tiflis mint
• Xicha culture (Chinese: 西岔文化)
• History of Armenia +[4]

• 
  Map of the Artuqids ( ) and surrounding polities

References

[[Category:Archaeological sites in China]]

Xixia dynasty

Xixia Artifacts (Gary Todd, Ningxia Provincial Museum)

Shajing

Indicate Shajing culture culture in Saka map

Continental Asia 200 CE

Template:Continental Asia in 200 CE

200

WESTERN
SATRAPS

INDO-
PARTHIANS

SABEANS

MEROË

FUNAN

Sargat

Khotan

CHAM-
PA

Jushi

AKSUM

GOGU-
RYEO

Ordos
culture

DONGHU

KANGJU

KUCHA

WUSUN

LOULAN

Dinlings

Tashtyk

Kokel

Sarmatians

ROMAN
EMPIRE

PARTHIAN
EMPIRE

KUSHAN
EMPIRE

SATAVA-
HANAS

HAN
DYNASTY

class=notpageimage|

Main polities in Asia, circa 200.

Documentation

-200

GRECO
BACTRIANS

PAR-
THIA

SAKAS

Korgantas

Sargat

Pazyryk

Tagar

Sagly

Chandman

Shule

Khotan

Sha-
jing

DONGHU

SABEANS

Ordos
culture

Dian
culture

JIN

YUEZHI

Subeshi

Wusun

SELEUCID
EMPIRE

MAURYA
EMPIRE

HAN
DYNASTY

XIONGNU

PTOLE-
MIES

MEROË

Scythians

Sarma-
tians

class=notpageimage|

Main polities in continental Asia circa -200

The example shown below is for the following, structurally similar, template: {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}.

Usage

• {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}
• {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE|Parameter 1|Parameter 2|Parameter 3|Parameter 4|Parameter 5}}

Other templates of the same family (Continental Asia in 200 BCE, Continental Asia in 400 CE, Continental Asia in 1000 CE, South Asia in 600 CE etc...) follow the same format:

Parameters

Use with the following format in Wikipedia articles (all parameters are optional):

• |1=: defines the position of the map on a page: |1=center, |1=left, |1=right
• |2= defines an alternative caption for the map, for example: |2=Asian polities in 500 BCE
• |3= defines additional objects to place on the map, for example:
  • A text with hyperlink: {{Annotation|227|50|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">''City of Heaven''</span>|text-aligns=center|font-weights=bold|font-styles=normal|font-sizes=6|colors=#000000}}
  • A rectangle: {{Annotation|175|134|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}}
  • A date mask: {{Annotation|0|0|[[File:Continental Asia date mask.png|300px]]}}
  • An object defined through geographic coordinates {{location map~|Continental Asia|lat=37.164722|N|long=69.408611|E|label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=4}}
• |4= defines an alternative background map, which has to have the same size as the original.
• |5= if set to |5=none, will remove the border of the map, for use in infoboxes for example.

Example

The basic map would simply require the code {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}, but the code for the same map with an alignement to the right, with a different caption, with an added rectangle for "YUEZHI" and a geo-located dot for the city of Ai-Khanoum, with a specially-made map overlay showing Xiongnu territory (this map), and without a border, looks like:

-200

GRECO
BACTRIANS

PAR-
THIA

SAKAS

Korgantas

Sargat

Pazyryk

Tagar

Sagly

Chandman

Shule

Khotan

Sha-
jing

DONGHU

SABEANS

Ordos
culture

Dian
culture

JIN

YUEZHI

Subeshi

Wusun

SELEUCID
EMPIRE

MAURYA
EMPIRE

HAN
DYNASTY

XIONGNU

PTOLE-
MIES

MEROË

Scythians

Sarma-
tians

class=notpageimage|

The Yuezhi, with Xiongnu territory and main polities of Asia in 200 BCE

{{Continental Asia in 200 BCE
|right 
|The [[Yuezhi]], with [[Xiongnu]] territory and main polities of Asia in 200 BCE
|{{Annotation|185|70|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}} {{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=37.164722|N |long=69.408611|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=4}} 
|Map of the Xiongnu, circa 150 BCE.png 
|none
}}

References

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Armenia – Georgia – Islam : A Need to Break Taboos in the Study of Medieval Architecture (Patrick Donabédian)

Photos:

• Astvatsankal Monastery (Gavit and muqarnas vault with oculus)
• Horomos Mausoleum of Aruits (composite)
• Harichavank
• Gochavank gavit
• Ivane color

A colophon from 1292 mention Amir Hasan I and Mongol rule: {{quote|This book was written in the Armenian calendar year 741 (= 1292), under the rule of the oppresser, of strange appearance and ruthless, which is called Tatar, of the impious race of Cathay, who invaded the whole world because of our sins. And they are so ruthless and cruel that brother kills brother and father kills son, but God's punishment will come.

And this year, because of our sins, divine wrath fell upon Christians, since the cursed people of Muhammad arose from Egypt, came and took possession of the impregnable Horomklay, patriarchal seat, by means of war machines and took prisoner the Catholikos Stephanos and every consecrated object, and destroyed that land and exterminated all the Christians with the sword and slavery, up to Teodosiopoli and, apart from Ani, destroyed the whole country.

This book was written in the region called Vayoc Jor, in the hermitage called Alaw, under the protection of the Mother of Jesus and of Saint George and of other saints, under the priestly guidance of the province of Stepannos, benevolent and philanthropist, and under the government of the sons of the glorious prince of princes Pros, Papak' and Amir Hasan.

And I, the vardapet Mateos, by order and with the support of Amir Hasan, I built the premises of this monastery inhabited by monks, I built the church and zamatun. But this year an indelible pain came, since the prince of princes (isxanac isxan) Amir Hasan passed to Christ with death, and the whole world fell into mourning and sadness, Armenians, Georgians, Abkhaz and Romeans. And he, although he was called "prince of the princes", was actually inseparable from the kings, all from the good news and the fame of him, so much so that both the distant people sobbed and groaned than those nearby. But he left as lieutenant his son, who he is called Eacci, endowed with all the virtues of his father, who is the Lord May Jesus be preserved for a long time in honor and glory, amen [...]|Colophon of Xalbakeank.

File:Al-Nasir I Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin). AH 564–589 (1169–1193 CE) Æ Dirham (30.1mm, 13.28 g, 6h). Without mint-name. Dated AH 586 (AD 1190–91). Sultan sitting facing, cross-legged, on high-backed throne (obverse).jpg

Saladin began his military carreer in the army of Nur ad-Din, during the Zengid conquest Egypt in 1163–1169.

The Tesinsky culture was a culture of the Minusinsks basin, from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE. The Tesinsky culture was at the junction between the Tagar culture and the culture of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei, and artistic evolutions can be traced to that period.

References

The Medieval Turks

• Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
• "Mais, al-Jāḥiẓ fait allusion ici aux étrangers de façon générale et non pas aux Turcs. Il est encore moins évident que le gouverneur soit un Turc quand on lit comment Ibn Butlān décrivait les esclaves turques au XIe siècle :

«À la peau claire, les femmes turques sont pleines de grâce et d’animation. Elles ont de petits yeux mais séduisants. Elles sont costaudes et elles ont tendance d’être petites de taille. Il n’y a que très peu de grandes femmes entre elles.» p.350

• List of Syrian gospels, with images
• List of Maqamats
• Images of Seljuks
• Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik
• British Library: Persian maniscripts online
• Naṣr Allāh. Kalīlah va Dimnah.
• Erdenechuluun, Purevzhavyn; Erdenebaatar, Diimaazhavyn (2011). Tengeriin ild The Sword of Heaven. Ulan-Bator, Mongolia: TSonzhin boldog dakh' Chingis khaany mor't tsogtsolbor muzei.
• Rawson, China and the Steppe
• IDENTITY AND ARTIFACTS ON THE NORTH CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN FRONTIER DURING THE PERIOD OF STATE EXPANSION IN THE LATE SECOND AND THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE (Cambridge)
• The Emergence and Expansion of Bronzes in the Northern Zone of China (Springer Link)

<imagemap>File:JoshuaReynoldsParty.jpg|Image map example of [[The Club (dining club)|The Club]]. Clicking on a person in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|350px|thumb rect 0 0 300 200 [[File:Map_of_the_Uyghur_Khaganate.png|Map of the Uyghur Khaganate]] </imagemap> <!--<imagemap>File:Map Asia physical (continental).png|300px|--> c.

• Cosmo, Nicola Di (2008). Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Cambridge University Press.
• JG Slab Grave
• European statuette in China (photograph)
• Meicun, Lin; Liu, Xiang (October 2017). "The origins of metallurgy in China". Antiquity. 91 (359): e6. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.177. ISSN 0003-598X.
• Lin, Meicun (2016). "Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road". Chinese Cultural Relics. 3 (001–002): 241. ISSN 2330-5169.
• JG Deer stones and horses https://www.flickr.com/photos/jag_jaf_travel/6010837464
• Barber, E. J. W. (2000). The mummies of Ürümchi. New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 75, Plate 10B. ISBN 978-0-393-32019-0.
• Shang and Zhou Europoid statuettes [5]
• "Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 121: 1–39. 2003.
• The Archaeology of China
• Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (11 November 2021). "The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies". Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. Such mummies have now been found throughout the Tarim Basin, among which the earliest are those found in the lowest layers of the cemeteries at Gumugou (2135–1939 bc), Xiaohe (1884–1736 bc) and Beifang (1785–1664 bc) (Fig. 1, Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 1). These and related Bronze Age sites are grouped within the Xiaohe archaeological horizon on the basis of their shared material culture (...) The EMBA individuals from the eastern Tarim sites of Xiaohe and Gumugou (Tarim_EMBA1) form a tight cluster close to pre-Bronze Age central steppe and Siberian individuals who share a high level of ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry
• PREPRINT: Wang, Mengge; Huang, Yuguo; Liu, Kaijun (29 August 2023). "Ancient farmer and steppe pastoralist-related founding lineages contributed to the complex landscape of episodes in the diversification of Chinese paternal lineages" (PDF). BioRxiv preprint. doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555114. We identified four major ancient technological innovations and population movements that shaped the landscape of Chinese paternal lineages.(...) Fourth, western Eurasian derived J, G and R lineages initially spread with Yamnaya steppe pastoralists and other proto Indo-European people and further widely dispersed via the trans-Eurasian cultural communication along the Eurasian Steppe and the ancient Silk Road, remaining genetic trajectories in northwestern Chinese.
  
• Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors (Cambridge)
• The Archaeology of China (Cambridge)
• Discovery of stone sculpture
• First appearance of stone funerary monuments
• Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). "The Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe in the Early Iron Age". The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road. Springer. p. Fig. 5.43. ISBN 978-981-329-155-3.
• Google, early Scythian statue in China: 成都博物馆东汉胡人形象石 [6]
• https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AF%A8%E5%A2%93%E7%BE%A4 沂南汉墓 北寨墓群
• Majiayuan arrow ref [7]
• Jingling terracotta statues
• Huangdi tomb?
• Xirong
• Cypriot vase [8]

Cocoon pottery Rong and Di unfluences in Chong, Alan (1 January 2011). Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperor and His Legacy. Asian Civilisations Museum. p. 70.

• Morini, Carlo Alberto (2022). Terracotta Army Warriors Transparency : Is Due to Chemical Composition of the Clay (Kaolinite Mineral translucent properties react as a physic phenomena : reflection, diffraction under a certain light intensity (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.29794.40641.
• Subeshi Yanghai barrel https://books.google.com/books?id=4IedEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 [9]
• China, from Kingdom to unification.
• Golden woman of Taksai (Fig.5) Figure 6: Golden man of Baigetobe Andreeva, Petya V. (23 February 2023). "Glittering Bodies: The Politics of Mortuary Self-Fashioning in Eurasian Nomadic Cultures (700 BCE – 200 BCE)". Fashion Theory. 27 (2): 175–204. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2021.1991133.
• Khayutina, Maria (2013). Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors (1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. ISBN 978-3-03823-838-6.
• Rawson, Jessica (April 2017). "China and the steppe: reception and resistance". Antiquity. 91 (356): 386. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.276.
• Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor’s Necropolis Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). "Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis" (PDF). Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 26 Fig.1, 27. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.25.
• Scythian Han statuette Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). "From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors" (PDF). Bernisches Historisches Museum Newsletter. 65: 2, Fig. 4.
• Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China) https://www.academia.edu/5191670/Northern_Frontier_in_Pre_Imperial_China_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China_?email_work_card=view-paper

Sources:

• Establishment of a Khanate on the Yenesei river in 840 CE (would be the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate), by defeated the Uyghur Khanate. With the Mongol invasions, were displaved from Siberia to today's Kyrgystan. Conversion to Sunni Islam in the 16th–17th century. 1700s: fell under the weak control of the Kokand Khanate. Vassal state of the Russian Empire from 1868. [10]
• From 840, creation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate, between the Yenesei and Orkhon river, agains the Uyghur Khanate. Central Asia's most powerful state ("Great Kyrgyz") between 840 and 925. Destruction of the original Yenesei Kyrgyz Khanate by the Mongol invasions from 1218. Resettled in the Tian Shan and Xianjiang areas. The Kyrgiz were Conquered by the Four Oirat in 16th century. Became independent from Oirat rule in 1510, and established a Kyrgiz Khanate in 1514 ("In 1510, the Kyrgyz threw off Oirat rule and established a Kyrgyz Khanate in 1514."). Invasion by the "Kalmyks" (?) in 1683–1685... this would be the Dzungar Khanate rather. Followed Kyrgyz dispersion in Xinjiang and Central Asia. Returned to the Tian Shan region after the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate by the Qing Empire in 1758. Lived there under Chinese rule. Kyrgyz diplomatic ties with Russia in 1775. 1830s: a Kyrgyz tribe backed by the Khanate of Kokand conquered all the other Kyrgyz tribe, establishing Uzbek Kokand rule. Entrenchement of Islam as a consequence. 1854: one Kyrgyz trive appeals for Russia protection, so that the Russians built a fort at Pishpek. 1867: placement under Russian protection, againt Kokand. 1870: Kyrgyz revolt against Kokand, Russian invasion and destruction of Kokand. Followed by Kyrgyz jihad against Russian domination, but submission to Russian rule in 1876... Russification and influx of colonists ensued. [11]
• Independence from Mongol rule in 1510. Defeat against the Kalmuks (Dzungar Khanate) in the 17th century, Qing dynasty (18th century), and Uzbeks (Kokand Khanate) 18–19th century (intermittently 1710–1876). Four major wars against the Uzbeks in 1845–1873. Russian protection and invasion in 1876. [12]
• Establishment of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (6–13th century). Destruction of the Uyghur Empire in 840 CE. Defeat by the Khitan Khanate in the 10th century and the Mongol in the 13th, and resettlement in the Tian Shan region. Fell under Chagatai rule. Independence (from the Golden Horde??) in 1510. Invasion by the Dzungar Khanate in 1685. Subjects of the Qing after the defeat of the Dzungars to the Qing in 1758. Then domination by the Kokand Khanate and resistance... [13]
• Independence from the Chagatai in 1510, but conquered by the Dzungars in the 1680s.[14]
• Same [15]
• "Kyrgyz beks" for History of Civilization in Central Asia [16], but also "Kyrgyz Khans": "In particular, there are episodes in the epic Manas concerning the celebration of funerals of the Kyrgyz khan" (p.118) "allies of the Kyrgyz khans in their struggle against foreign conquerors" (p.113)
• Kyrgyz confederacies [17][18]
• "The Kyrgyz Khanate was established in Tian Shan by Khan Ajmet " [19]