Lahandi (لیہندی), also spelled Lahendi, Lehendi, and Lahndi, represents a dialect continuum of spoken Punjabi associated with western areas of Punjab.
The main Lahnda languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari/Pothwari.[1] They are spoken in large parts of Pakistani Punjab, in some areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa province (especially Hazara), throughout Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[2] The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established.[3]
Name edit
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.[4]: 883 This term has currency only among linguists.[3]
Varieties edit
Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers:[5]
- North Lahnda:
- Hindko: 7.71 million
- Northern Hindko: 4.47 million
- Southern Hindko: 3.24 million
- Pahari-Pothwari; 8.04 million
- Hindko: 7.71 million
- Central Lahnda (Shahpuri): 6 million
- South Lahnda:
Within Lahnda, Ethnologue also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 62 million people.[6]
Development edit
Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.[7] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.[8][9] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[10]
Classification edit
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[7]
Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[11]
References edit
- ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.
- ^ Masica 1991, p. 17–18.
- ^ a b Masica 1991, p. 18.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571.
- ^ Simons & Fennig 2017.
- ^ Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016b.
- ^ a b Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
- ^ Rahman 1997, p. 838.
- ^ Shackle 1977.
- ^ Javaid 2004, p. 46.
- ^ عُثمان/Lahandi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bibliography edit
- Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). 40 (2). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab: 45–55. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
- Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2016b). "Western Punjabi". Ethnologue (19 ed.). (access limited).
- Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Lahnda". Ethnologue (20 ed.). (access limited).
- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9): 833–839. doi:10.2307/2645700. JSTOR 2645700.
- Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00014190. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 311504.
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Further reading edit
- Singh Gill, Harjeet (1973). Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab. Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 205.
- Chandra, Duni (1964). ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ. Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh. p. 290.
- Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
- Malik, Moazzam Ali; Abbas, Furrakh; Noreen, Khadija (2020). "A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi" (PDF). Hamdard Islamicus. 43 (2): 1564–1571.
- Hussain, Qandeel (2022). "Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)". (Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages. 1 (1).
- Karamat, Nayyara (2001). "Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi". Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing: 179–188.
- Malik, Moazzam Ali; Kokub, Iqra (2020). "Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/". Competitive Linguistic Research Journal. 2 (1): 1–17.
External links edit
- Map of Lahnda dialects from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India
Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages Category:Punjabi dialects