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Ali Akbar Derakhshani علی‌اکبر درخشانی

Ali Akbar Derakhshani (born 28 February 1896 – died 27 March 1978) was one of the founders of the New Iranian Army, which began military service during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Background

Ali Akbar was born on February 28, 1896 in Tehran. His family was Azerbaijani and Shiite. His father, Ali Naqi Khan Kangerlu (son of Khan Mohammad Khan), was one of the first Iranian officers of the Cossack Brigade, who was born in 1863 in the village of Khanqah Sarkh near Urmia, and died in Tehran in 1903 and was buried in Imamzadeh Masoom. His grandfather, Reza Qalikhan, moved from Nakhchivan region to the south of the Aras river in 1827, following the Turkmancha treaty between the governments of Iran and Russia, along with a large number of people and heads of tribes who were not willing to accept Russian citizenship. He went through high school at the Kazakh Brigade military school in Tehran, and then at the age of 18, he entered the Gendarmerie officer school and was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. During his service in the gendarmerie, he was assigned to the 6th regiment of Lorestan, and after very intense wars and ensuring the order of the region, he was assigned to Isfahan with the 6th regiment, and then he joined the National Defense Committee with this regiment in Sultanabad. He participated in the Red Willow Pass Wars between the Iranian forces and the Tsarist Russian forces and was awarded battle badges.

Cossack brigade and uniformed troops: Gilan wars

He resigned from the Gendarmerie in 1918 and entered the Cossack army with the rank of second colonel and served in the Cossack Atriyad in Rasht. He showed great bravery in the wars with Mirza Kochuk Khan, so that within five years he reached the rank of full colonel and became the commander of the Gilan brigade. which was one of the largest parts of Iran's army, was entrusted to him. In these years, he was directly involved in the fierce wars between the Iranian military and the Russian Bolshevik forces, who had invaded Gilan and occupied various areas, including the cities of Rasht and Bandar Anzali and Astara. After that, he became the head of Mazandaran military. His diary of the Gilan wars by recording the details of these wars is a very useful source for historians. In these notes, Brigadier Derakhshani clearly wrote that the people of Gilan fully supported Meza Kochuk Khan against the government forces, but the same people sincerely supported the soldiers of the Iranian government in the war with the Bolsheviks.

Urmia: The command of the Sepahban regiment and the forces of the three provinces

After that, on October 21, 1933, he was appointed as the commander of the newly established Sepahban regiment in his father's Muscat al-Ras, Urmia. The Sepahban regiment was responsible for protecting the northwestern border areas of the country. After a short period of time, he was assigned the command of the forces of the three provinces (Urumieh, Khoi, Selmas), which included the Lymouth Cavalry Regiment. This was the beginning of his many years of missions in the western regions of Iran.

The people of Urmia and its surrounding areas suffered a lot from the occupation of foreign forces and the long bloody nomadic and sectarian clashes, along with murder, looting and insecurity, and the city and the surrounding villages were turned into semi-ruins. Two infantry companies and a machine gun company of the Sepahban regiment were in a dilapidated house that didn't even have a toilet, and as a result, the soldiers defecated in the corners of the surrounding alleys. He tried to fix the defects of various departments and at the same time, because other government offices were not yet fully established, he paid attention to the improvement of the people's condition and did a lot of work.

The situation of the residents improved within a few months. But the housing situation of the soldiers was still miserable, and their salaries, rations, and clothes were delivered irregularly and late. The government did not have the budget to establish a barracks. Only the ruins of the Russian barracks remained, the materials of which were taken by the people to repair their ruined houses. Derakhshani built a new barracks on the remaining foundations of this ruin with the formation of local cooperation commissions and the help and donations of the residents, and with the encouragement of Ayatollah Arab Baghi, the emulation authority of West Azerbaijan, who put the first shovel into the ground for reconstruction. Then, without government funding or help from the center, and only with the effort and help of the residents, he first created a thirty-meter street and then a number of other squares and streets. Establishing a telephone line between Urmia and Selmas and Khoi, using wires left over from the Russian army, and bringing a number of builders and carpenters from Tabriz to speed up the reconstruction of the city were some of his other measures in the way of the development of Urmia.

Camping to the west

On November 5, 1924, when the 4,000-strong war army set out to disarm the nomads and establish order and security in the west of the country, he was appointed to command the advance forces of Al-Jish Army, composed of the sepehban regiment and the nomadic forces. His service and the sergeant's regiment lasted twenty months and twenty-two days in this grueling campaign. After a short period of time, he assumed the command of the first column of the army and succeeded the commander of the army, Brigadier General Abul Hasan Pourzand. At this time, the Amir of Lashkar-e-Gharb was Ahmad Agha Amir Ahmadi. From the very beginning, there were strong differences between Porzand and Derakhshani about the way of governing the army. The army movement started from Kermanshah and its first goal was to bring the governor of Pushtkoh, Gholamreza Khan Abu Qadareh, who was never subordinate to the central government, to obey the Iranian government. The army succeeded in this task and in disarming various nomads in Pushtkoh, Kabirkoh and other areas of Lorestan, as well as Kurdish areas, including around Kermanshah, and collected more than five thousand rifles from various clans in the region, which is a huge step in creating security. It was in the west of the country.

This 20-month long camping and march was accompanied by all kinds of hardships and hunger and thirst for officials and individuals. Sometimes they only ate dry corn kernels to prevent hunger. A number of people died of hunger and thirst. The lack of fuel, very bad weather in summer and winter, and long and hard marches caused the loss of all the thousand camels in the camp. Two hundred heads of horses and mules were lost in a short period of time in the tropical region of Mansourabad. But the officers and people of the camp performed their duties with great dedication and succeeded in achieving the goals of the camp. During this period of twenty bright months, Derakhshani had only one five-day leave, and with the permission of Reza Shah, he went to visit the holy shrines. He crossed the border without a ID card and in civilian clothes, with the guidance of the local finance chief of Qasr Shirin, and visited the holy court of Hazrat Seyyed al-Shohada and Hazrat Abbas. He completed the rank of colonel in 1925 at the age of twenty-nine.

The 1926 Sergeant Draut Regiment returned to Urmia (which was recently renamed to Rezaieh) with a warm welcome from the people. A brilliant mission in Rezaieh lasted another four years. During this period, in addition to performing his main duties in maintaining order in the region, he completed the construction works that he had already started. including Shir and Khurshid Red Sun Jamiat, after preparing the preparations and enlightening the minds of the people, with the initial capital of four rials, which was paid by Ayatollah Mujtahid Arab Baghi, he formed it, which in a short period of time had a hospital and health posts, as well as baths in the city. And some villages around. This was the first Iranian hospital in the region. Before that, the only hospital belonged to the religious mission of the Americans, who saw their main task in religious propaganda. The establishment of the Iranian hospital had a very good effect on the people and made them multiply their donations to the said population. After the death of the commander of the regional brigade, Derakhshani took over the command of the brigade while maintaining the position of guarantor.

Lorestan and Ilam

On June 30, 1930, in a meeting at Saad Abad Palace, Reza Shah, while expressing his surprise that after ten or twelve years of fighting, the work of the evildoers of Lorestan has not yet ended, he brilliantly stated that the continued activity of the evildoers, especially in the cracks of Kabirkoh region, and threatening and closing The road from Khorram Abad to Dezful is a source of shame and expense and it causes Khuzestan to be isolated from the rest of the country. The Shah informed Derakhshani that he had personally chosen him to put an end to this matter and gave him the mission to put an end to the unrest in Lorestan as soon as possible and to receive orders directly from the Shah Kasab in important matters. Derakhshani Army was appointed to the military governorship of Kabirkoh and Abdanan instead of Brigadier Mohammad Ali Behzadi. In this position, he was placed under the command of the ruler of Pushtkoh, who was Brigadier General Abul Hasan Porzand. However, the continuation of the strong differences between these two officers, which started from the western camp, caused that after a short period, on August 2 of the same year, Brigadier General Porzand was removed from the government by the order of Reza Shah, and Derakhshani took charge of the Pushtkoh government while retaining his previous position. take In this way, Derakshani, who still had the rank of colonel at that time, took on the responsibility that was previously held by two brigadier generals.

Derakhshani managed to put an end to the evildoers of Lorestan forever and brought those tribes of Pushtkoh who were not obedient to the government to obey the government of Iran. He then successfully implemented general disarmament, resettlement of nomads, establishment of complete regulations, establishment of government departments and implementation of public duty system law and implementation of other laws of the country in this important border region, and with the approval of the special office of Reza Shah, the implementation of works connecting the region to In other parts of the country, it was implemented by the Ministry of Roads by creating the first Shuse road in the region and the first Shuse road tunnel in the country. Derakhshani Hossein Abad, the center of the former governors of Pushtkoh, turned it into a city by taking a loan of twenty one thousand tomans from the Ministry of Finance. At his suggestion and with the approval of Reza Shah, Hosseinabad was named Ilam and Mansourabad was named after Mehran. With great activity and bringing the Minister of Culture to the region, the first schools were opened there, that is, three three-class primary schools in Ilam and two primary schools in other places. With the improvement of the situation and the security of the region, Pushtkohi immigrant families, who were in large numbers, returned to Iran after many years of leaving their homeland and going to Iraq, and the eastern villages of Iraq were largely depopulated. This caused political tensions between the two neighboring countries. Finally, Derakhshani was fired and the same Brigadier Porzand was appointed in his place, and an attempt was made to file a case against Derakhshani, which ultimately failed. His mission in Ilam region lasted six years and three months.

Exclusive royal estate

In 1940, he became the head of private property inspection. A short time later, due to his written opposition to the excesses of royal estates (including objection to begari) and expressing this opposition in person to Reza Shah, he was dismissed from the directorate of royal estate inspection after only two months. In letter No. 2938 dated February 16, 1941, Hossein Shakoweh, the head of Reza Shah's special office, writes in a threatening tone: "According to the order of His Majesty Humayun Shahshahi, I am announcing that you state that unemployment is a huge loss for the imperial estates. You need to explain the actions that you have taken." What is the nature of what they do in real estate, and what is your opinion on the harm that it brings to Mubarak's presence? On the same day, another letter from the court reaches Derakhshani stating that he has been demoted from the head of the inspection of the Shah's properties to the smaller job of inspecting the properties of Gorgan, Aliabad and Gonbad Kavus, as well as the governorship of Gorgan. He did not last more than a month and a half in this job because in response to the telegram from Reza Shah's special office about sending Gorgan wheat to Tehran (at a time when the lack of wheat had become a big problem for the whole country), Derakhshani replied that the daily bread of the people of Gorgan was hardly enough. It is supplied and there is no wheat to be sent to Tehran. He is immediately removed from his position by the Minister of Interior telegraph and removed from the inspection of the Shah's properties. As a result of these two brilliant actions, Reza Shahkari will not be referred to him for the rest of his career, and he will wait for service in the army. Ali Akbar Derakhshani's notes are one of the unique historical sources about the private properties of Reza Shah and are of great value in clarifying the details of the functioning of these properties.

West Azerbaijan Governorate

After September 941 and more than two years of waiting for service, on June 1, 1943, he was appointed as the deputy commander of the 3rd Azerbaijan Army, and this mission did not last more than a few months. When the fire of insecurity once again engulfed Rezaieh and destroyed some clans, under the support of the Soviet army stationed in the region, they were busy blocking the roads and usurping cultivated properties and taking protection rights, theft and ransom, the Chief of Army Staff, Major General Razm Ara, to end In a situation that Razmara called it disgraceful, disgusting, and has political meanings. And according to him, there was no honor left for the country and the army in Rezaieh and West Azerbaijan. He decided to choose Derakhshani for this important work, and on July 17 of that year, Derakhshani was appointed as the commander of the brigade and gendarmerie and at the same time as the governor of West Azerbaijan. With his efforts, the environment of Rezaieh city and its nearby villages quickly returned to normal. But the distant villages remained under the control of the heads of Kurdish clans. One of the main reasons for this situation was that for some time the gendarmerie posts of those areas had been collected and brought to the city due to the fear of the Kurds, and the residents of the countryside abandoned their property and came to the city with the gendarmes to secure their lives. None of the government agents had ever set foot in those areas. As a result, one hundred and twenty villages in the southern regions of the province remained under the control of the Kurds. In August of the same year, Derakhshani prepared all the gendarmerie posts with complete equipment and moved them with a truck while accompanying them and settled them along the Rezaieh-Mahabad road in their former places, and then moved to Mahabad city and Dehat. around it payment. Gradually, with the display of the government's military power and with political actions and appeasement of the heads of patriotic clans, order was established in the region, and the dire and dangerous situation there became normal. Then, in early September, he turned his attention to the areas of Khoi and Mako, where the looting of the villages there was still going on, and the sons of Ismail Agha Simitgu were active there, and a number of gendarmes had been killed and wounded. Derakhshani went to that area and after examining the situation and sending troops with the consent of the government, he was established there. In October, according to the order of the army headquarters, he went to Marmar Palace to give a report to Mohammad Reza Shah, and there the Shah expressed his gratitude to him. On October 26, 1943, the Shah presented Derakhshan with a military insignia and less than a week later appointed him, who still had the rank of colonel, to the command of the Azerbaijan Army.

The command of the 3rd army of Azerbaijan and the government of Pishevari

Derakhshani went to Tabriz to take over the army from the previous commander, but until then, the Soviet troops living in Azerbaijan had forcibly removed the commander of the army, Brigadier General Khosravani, from Tabriz. During the occupation, all kinds of harshness and verbal violence and insults to Derakhshani and the Iranian army and officials began, examples of which can be read in Derakhshani's memoirs. However, unlike the former commanders of the Lashkar, who did not step out of Tabriz city, he went several times to check the situation in different cities and parts of the Lashkar in Sarab, Ardabil, Meshkinshahr, Maragheh, Miandoab, Rezaieh and other cities of Azerbaijan, which caused anger. He became a Soviet general. The Tudeh Party also constantly criticized him in Khavar No newspaper, the organ of the party's state committee in Azerbaijan. His brilliant activity received the full attention of the center and at the end of 1944, he was awarded the 1st class merit badge of the 1st type, and on March 21, 1945, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

The command of the Azerbaijani army coincided with the military occupation of Azerbaijan by 30,000 soldiers of the Soviet Army and the declaration of the national government of Azerbaijan by Peshavari. The total number of Iranian army in Azerbaijan was 6,571 people, of which 2,890 were Tabriz barracks personnel and officers. The total number of vehicles of the Azerbaijan army was only twenty-seven, which were divided among the four barracks of the army.

Following the establishment of the Azerbaijan People's Congress by the Democratic Sect, Mir Jafar Baghraf, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and General Maslennikov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet forces in the region, telegraphed from Baku to Stalin and three other main Soviet leaders (Beria, Molotov, and Malenkov) with several mentions. The name of Brigadier General Derakhshani expressed their displeasure with his actions in confronting the movements of the Democratic Sect and declared that these actions of Brigadier Derakhshani "can cause serious complications in the situation and disrupt the work that is being done".]

In December 1945, the Soviet forces directly surrounded the Tabriz barracks and according to the report of T. Kyler Young, an American Iranian expert who was an eyewitness of the incident in Tabriz, they prevented even a Lashkar 1 truck from leaving the barracks and even a soldier or gendarme from being sent out of Tabriz.

The army headquarters, headed by Major General Arfa, issued contradictory and sometimes unenforceable orders to the commander of the Tabriz army. While the army lacked the ability to move without confiscating the property of the commercial herdsmen, and at that time and under the siege of the Soviet army, this was completely impossible, an order was received from the army headquarters that the army with all its personnel and equipment came out of the barracks and from the northern slope of Mount Sahand. which was covered with several meters of snow at that time) to leave for Tehran.

The army headquarters ordered the army: stand until the last drop of blood, but do not shed blood because it will be dangerous with the presence of the Red Army in that area.

On December 10, the army headquarters emphasized: "The commander of the army must be fully taken care of, not to give excuses to people who will attack the army and cause bloodshed, because it is not expedient at this time."

And in another order that was issued in the evening of December 13, he ordered the army commander to release the soldiers and sergeants, destroy the weapons of the army, and move with the officers to Tehran.

Even the army investigator in the trial of Brigadier Derakhshani wrote in the investigator's report that the army headquarters issued orders to the Tabriz garrison "in a state of hesitation and without respecting the balance of military operations in the barracks".

Finally, at 8:30 p.m. on December 13th, Major General Arfa's last order was issued to the army commander. This vague order, which puts the final decision on the shoulders of army officers, is not sent in secret, but to Kashf, unlike the previous orders, and practically informs the Soviets and Democrats about the decision of the Iranian army headquarters.

The conflicting orders of the army headquarters and sending the final order to Kashfer are worthy of more historical research, considering the categories and interactions within the Iranian army at that time.

On the 13th of Sambar, 1945, after the occupation of Tabriz and the siege of the barracks by the Soviet army and the forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party, and according to the vague notification of Major General Hassan Arfa, the then chief of the army staff, the Tabriz army laid down its arms.

Major General Arfa's last order to the army commander is as follows: "Kashf telegraph by wireless - Tabriz, the army commander - according to the announcement of the Prime Minister in the meeting of the National Council on Wednesday, December 12, 1945, the government of this armed uprising, which is against the constitution and against the people of Iran is not recognized; Therefore, it should be resisted in principle. Form a council of your officers and declare the text of the Prime Minister's statements. If resistance is impossible according to the decision of the Council, you and the officers will move to Tehran. 5 in the evening of December 12, 1945 - Major General Arfa"

Subsequently, with the approval of the council of officers, Brigadier Derakhshani left the army at night and returned to Tehran a few days later after the senior officers. He was arrested and interrogated upon arrival, and his case was referred to a military court. The process of investigation and trial continued until the ruling of the Court of Appeal on March 11, 1948, that is, more than two years since his arrest.

Court and conviction

The first instance court was headed by Major General Abul Hasan Pourzand and after his death it was handed over to Major General Mahmoud Khosrupanah and the appeal court was headed by Major General Iraj Mhabibi. The first military prosecutor was Brigadier General Amir Nizami and after his death Brigadier General Abdul Ali Etimad Moghadam, but in practice this work was entrusted to Colonel Hossein Azmoudah.

The appointment and actually handpicking of these people is completely worthy of consideration. The history of hostility and enmity between Major General Pourzand and Brigadier Derakhshani dates back to years ago, especially during the Lorestan wars, and was one of the known enmities among Iranian army officers. Although the head of the court should show himself to be neutral, Major General Porzand did not hide this enmity. Before he was appointed as the head of the court, he was engaged in propaganda against Brigadier Derakhshani in various circles and among journalists, calling him a traitor to the country and adding that he intended to become Marshal Tito of Iran. He continued to speak like this after being appointed as the head of the court and repeated many times that Mohammad Reza Shah is very angry with Derakhshani and wants him to be punished. Major General Arfa, the Chief of the Army Staff, used to warn the members of the court and others about the same. In the meantime, Major General Porzand died and Major General Khosruppanah, the head of the country's gendarmerie, who was close to Arfa, was appointed as the head of the court.

The selection of Major General Mhabibi as the head of the second court was also very interesting. Major General Mhabidi, who was the same age and classmate of Brigadier Derakhshani in the Nizam School, is the same person who was the commander of the Mashhad army a few years before during the Goharshad mosque uprising, and the massacre of Goharshad was carried out under his orders. He was executed for this reason after the revolution. Mabbidi was the commander of the Azerbaijan Army around August 1941, and on August 26, when the Russians attacked, he was the first to leave his post and leave the officers and men without duty. He was among the officers who were supposed to be tried for negligence against the foreign attack, and now that five years have passed since those events, the commander of the same division was appointed as the head of the court!

The most interesting thing was Col. Hossein Azmoudeh, the deputy prosecutor of the court. Because Brigadier Derakhshani's court prosecutor should be at least a Brigadier, so Brigadier General Etemad Moghadam was appointed to this position. However, Colonel Hossein Azmoudeh, who was one of the army's unknown communications officers and had no legal education, but was trusted by Arfa and his associates, was elected to the position of deputy prosecutor, and the case was completely handed over to him with the necessary instructions. Colonel Azmoude became famous with the trial of Brigadier Derakhshani and was fully trusted by the higher authorities. He also became the prosecutor during the trial of Dr. Mossadegh and showed great activity in the execution of a large number of officers and civilians after August 19, 1953. He quickly reached the rank of lieutenant general. But among the people, he was mentioned with a lot of infamy, and nicknames like Eichmann and Dracula of Iran were used about him. The title of Iran's Eichmann was given to the subject by Dr. Al-Mouti, Minister of Justice, Dr. Amini.

With all these handpickings and orders and efforts of Arfa and his friends in the army and the court and his supporters due to the existence of substantiated documents about the orders of the army headquarters, Brigadier Derashani, one of the main charges against him is not resisting the democratic sect and surrendering the army's ammunition and weapons to They were acquitted by both courts. The verdict of acquittal of these charges was issued by the courts that were assigned to convict him for political reasons.

In addition to the contradictory orders of Major General Arfa, the Chief of Staff of the Army (who, ironically, Arfa was dismissed from his job soon and was imprisoned in the same detention center as Brigadier Derakhshani on April 10, 1946. But after the coup d'état on August 19, 1953, he reached the ministry and the embassy.) Prime Minister's words And the Minister of War in the National Council also closed the hands of Brigadier Derakhshani's opponents outside and inside the court to some extent.

The text of Prime Minister Ebrahim Hakimi's speech in the public meeting of the parliament on Wednesday, December 19, 1945 is as follows, which was published in the official newspaper of the country, number 248, page 867: "The government considers the lack of security forces in provinces 3 and 4 and to prevent incidents abuse and insecurity and exploitation of ignorant and biased persons and to ensure the comfort and freedom of the people, he decided to strengthen the existing garrisons in those provinces and send relief forces from the center, which the commander of the army there is able to establish order, peace and security throughout the provinces 3 and 4 But as you have mentioned, our friendly and neighboring forces, contrary to expectations, prevented this action, and the forces dispatched from Tehran stayed in Sharif Abad, Qazvin, until recently they had to return. The small and insufficient forces of those provinces did not have freedom of action, and as a result, the government officials and a small number of security forces of these provinces were closed and surrounded in front of the aggressors and invaders, and no action was possible on the part of the government officials because they had no freedom of action and no hope of reinforcement. from the center. On the other hand, the Mutjasrin, who had also acquired weapons and were being strengthened in every way, and the unknown persons among them were constantly increasing, despite the lack of numbers and the non-agreement of the people of Azerbaijan with them, they were able to intimidate all of them and carry out treacherous and illegal plans. They can freely form the local assembly and introduce the minister. The government considered conflict, conflict and bloodshed due to the presence of Soviet garrisons and posts in that province as harmful and fruitless, and did not consider it appropriate to order to confront this group, which of course was strengthened by many means.

The last sentence of the Prime Minister's speech clearly defines the government's position regarding the Azerbaijani army.

The Minister of War, Major General Ali Riazi, repeated the same positions in the meeting of the National Council on Tuesday, December 25, 1945, which was recorded in the official newspaper of the country, number 253, page 907, as follows: "The government said in this action that armed action should not be taken." I want to see that the government's order was not communicated to Mr. Bayat?! They did not telegraph Mr. Bayat?! They did not say thank you?! Did the army do otherwise?!"

Unfortunately, over the years, the political and press propaganda in the country was such that these positions of the government, the Ministry of War, and the Army Headquarters were ignored and gradually forgotten, and instead "surrender of Brigadier Derakhshani" was included even among some historians. It was only after the revolution that this issue was seriously revised.

Brigadier Derakhshani faced six charges in both courts. He was found guilty of four charges in both courts. The cases of acquittal are as follows:

One: Refusal to resist and cancel the order to destroy weapons

Two: Surrendering the army's reserves and provisions, weapons and ammunition

Three: Issuing the order of non-resistance and handing over weapons to Ahar Barracks

Four: covering up the facts

Therefore, to say that Brigadier Derakhshani was responsible and the main decision-maker regarding the non-resistance of the Azerbaijani army is without a doubt a mistake or intentional by some historians and journalists. According to the decision of the government and based on the order issued by the army headquarters and according to the written decision of the council of officers (which the army headquarters had entrusted to that council on the last day to decide whether to resist or not to resist), the Azerbaijani army laid down its arms.

The army headquarters was in communication with the Tabriz barracks until five hours after the decision of the council of officers to leave the resistance, and could cancel the decision of the council of officers and give new orders if they wished. But the army headquarters did not do so and did not cancel the decision of the council of army officers. The reason of the council of officers in deciding not to resist was to prevent unnecessary bloodshed, which due to the tight siege of the Tabriz garrison by the Soviet army and the presence of thirty thousand Soviet soldiers in Azerbaijan had an inevitable result, which in addition to the destruction of the army and the destruction of a large number of officers and soldiers And civilian people had very bad consequences for Azerbaijan and other parts of Iran. Brigadier Derakhshani also disbanded the army and scattered the people against the wishes of the leaders of the democratic sect who wanted to take over the army intact and intact.

Even though the military court could not convict Brigadier Derakhshani in the main charges based on the undeniable evidence, but because he had the order to send Vira to prison in any way possible, he issued a sentence of conviction in two cases, both of which are worthy of consideration. Are. One of these two cases was "Conclusion of a contract with Peshavari" and the second case was "Continuation of command". Regarding the "conclusion of the contract" of the army investigator, Brigadier General Mazhari, writes in the investigator's report that he did not see this contract. This contract was never presented in court. After more than six decades since then, the principle of this contract has not been presented anywhere. However, the court accepted the existence of a contract citing the article of Fargheh Demkrat newspaper and proceeded to issue a sentence of conviction. However, Brigadier Derakhshani, by disbanding the army, had acted against the most important article of the alleged contract, that is, the article related to handing over the army to the Democratic Sect. The second case of Brigadier Derakhshani's conviction, i.e. "continuing command", was notified to him forty-seven days after his return to Tehran (on February 4, 1946), while it was retroactive to December 19, 1945. Therefore, the legal value of these two cases of conviction is seriously doubted.

Even with these two articles of condemnation, considering the cases of four acquittals, the statement that Brigadier Derakhshani was condemned for submitting to the democratic sect is undoubtedly a mistake that our historians should try to correct.

The trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment with the majority of votes, while the president of the court and one of the members had sentenced him to death. In the appeals court, his sentence was reduced to 15 years in prison, and he was released after serving two years and ten months.

Arrest by SAVAK and death

In the last years of Mohammadreza Shah's rule, he was known as an opponent and was constantly under surveillance. On the night of March 27, 1978, he was arrested at his home by SAVAK agents on the charge of spying for the Soviet Union, the authenticity of which is unknown, and he died in Evin prison.

The circumstances of the arrest and death of Brigadier Derakhshani and the conflicting reports related to that event, as well as the age of his political and social status, lead to great doubts about the accusations against him by SAVAK.

Brigadier Derakhshani was eighty-two years old when he was arrested by Savak, and his eyes were not working well at all. He was a known opponent of the government for thirty-three years, and SAVAK monitored his movements and activities. During this period, Derakhshani was ostracized and resentful of the government apparatus, and after leaving the army and enduring nearly three years in prison, he was deprived of access to power centers and officials and sensitive information. Therefore, the physical, social and working conditions of Brigadier Derashani were not such that he could be a useful factor for the Soviet Union.

On the other hand, this very characteristic of him, that is, an army commander who publicly opposed the government, made Brigadier Derakhshani a good target for security organizations' propaganda. For this reason, when the Iranian revolution was about to enter its critical stages, and when the government apparatuses began mass propaganda to close the movement of the people to foreign powers, and also to warn their foreign allies about the danger that their interests in Iran was threatening, they carried out this arrest and carried out extensive propaganda about it for 18 days. BBC radio said in its commentary on April 7, 1978 that: "Some diplomats think that this case was a warning about the danger of the Soviet Union to the Iranian nation and a confirmation of the government's opinion that the recent unrest in Iran is the result of foreign provocations."

The date of Brigadier Derakhshani's arrest and the contradictory reports of SAVAK and the press of that time add to the doubt about the authenticity of the accusations. Brigadier Derakhshani on the night of March 27, 1978, that is, thirty-eight days after the uprising of the people of Tabriz, which was a great shock to the government, and when the people of other cities were preparing for demonstrations commemorating the martyrs of Tabriz on the night of Chalham, in his home during dinner and He was arrested in his home clothes. Tabriz is the city where the fate of Brigadier Derakhshan was decided and he still had many friends there. Simultaneously with the news of his arrest, which was published in newspapers as the first news, it was announced in the same newspapers that a demonstration will be held in Tabriz in support of the government. It was only three days after the announcement of the arrest of Brigadier Derakhshani that this government demonstration was held in Tabriz with the participation of Prime Minister and Secretary General of Rastakhiz Party, Jamshid Amoozgar, members of the government and deputies of Rastakhiz Party, and the newspapers reported the news of that demonstration along with new stories about Brigadier Derakhshani in They inserted their first pages.

During the eighteen days that the government's propaganda about Brigadier Derakhshani's arrest continued, the place of his arrest, which was first announced in the street, was changed to inside the house, and more pomp, such as taking poison from the Soviet Union and confessing in the interrogation, Added to the story. In the meantime, sometimes the string was out of the hands of the propaganda agents. For example, Rastakhiz newspaper dated April 20, 1978 had printed these two different places of arrest together on its second page. After the revolution, based on the contents of the file and even based on the memoirs of fugitive intelligence officers, it was found that Brigadier Derakhshani died an hour after his arrest and before any interrogation. : "A receiving device was one of the primary espionage devices of Brigadier Derashan". However, in the original SAVAK file, it is written that the items seized from Brigadier Derakhshani's house include: a used Toshiba radio, a metal cane, three calendars and some writing; This means that the receiving device that was mentioned in the SAVAK advertisement at the time of the arrest was nothing but a used radio.

It should also be pointed out that the SAVAK authorities did not provide any legal evidence regarding the reasons and manner of the arrest and death of Brigadier Derakhshani to the judicial authorities, and there was no legal follow-up regarding the veracity of the accusations and the manner of his death by the judicial authorities. It was not done and therefore the accusations have never gone beyond vague and doubtful accusations.

He was buried in the family mausoleum in the tomb of Ibn Baboyeh in the city of Ray. After the revolution, the memoirs of Brigadier General Ali Akbar Derakhshani were published in Iran and America.

The last editor before the revolution

The last editor of Kayhan newspaper was Amir Taheri until the beginning of the revolution. With the approach of the 1979 revolution, a new editorial council was formed in Kayhan, headed by Rahman Hatfi. From 1961 to 1966, Houshang Amiari was the director of the caricature department, overseeing themes of humorous paintings. Hossein Rezaei was the director of the news section of this newspaper from 1965 to 1979.

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Amir Karimi was the first singer to incorporate Golrouyi's poetry into his album "Ta Hamishe" (Forever). However, it was Naser Abdollahi's fa album "Dooset Daram" (I Love You) that marked the initial release of an album featuring two songs written by Golrouyi. In 2003, Siavash Ghomayshi used Golrouyi's lyrics in several songs from the album "Neghab" (Mask), significantly contributing to Golrouyi's recognition. This collaboration continued through the album "Ragbar."

On February 29, 2012, Shahin Najafi released his fourth album, "Hich Hich Hich," featuring two songs written by Golrouyi. Golrouyi continued his collaboration with Najafi in the albums "Tramadol" and "Sa." However, their collaboration ended after Golrouyi made critical statements about Najafi in interviews.

In 2015, Ahmad Pouri fa revealed that an individual had compiled translations of Golrouyi's works along with other translators' works, publishing them under their own name. Pouri did not mention the person's name, resulting in critiques of 16 poetry books translated into French, English, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Turkish, and Kurdish by Golrouyi. In response, Golrouyi issued a strong statement in defense of himself.

In 2016, news agencies announced that the song "Death to America" would be performed with a song by Yaghma Golrouyi and the voice of Kaveh Afagh, sparking various implications and reflections in the artistic community.

Also, in the same year, Owj Arts and Media Organization, affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, confirmed Yaghma Golrouyi's cooperation in composing songs for the music videos "Life Style in Old Tehran" and "Maqam Shahada" (The value of martyrs). It was clarified that this approval does not endorse Golrouyi or his actions.

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