Union affiliation by U.S. state

Percent of workforce belonging to a union in 2017

  20+%

  15–19.9%

  10–14.9%

  5–9.9%

  0–4.9%

Union affiliation by U.S. state (2023)

Rank	State	Percent union members	Percent change	Union members	Percent represented by unions	Percent change	Represented by unions	Total employed	Right to Work
1	Hawaii	23.4	2.2%	138,000	25.6	2.2%	147,000	573,000	No
2	New York	20.6	0.1%	1,711,000	21.5	0.6%	1,787,000	8,300,000	No
3	Washington	16.5	1.5%	576,000	18.1	1.0%	632,000	3,491,000	No
4	New Jersey	16.1	1.2%	679,000	17.3	1.3%	729,000	4,211,000	No
5	Connecticut	15.9	1.7%	255,000	16.9	1.5%	272,000	1,610,000	No
6	California	15.4	0.7%	2,514,000	16.9	0.7%	2,769,000	16,349,000	No
7	Alaska	14.8	1.2%	45,000	15.2	2.1%	47,000	307,000	No
8	Vermont	14.3	2.2%	43,000	13.4	2.0%	46,000	301,000	No
9	Oregon	14.1	1.4%	255,000	15.0	1.9%	270,000	1,808,000	No
10	Minnesota	13.3	0.9%	356,000	14.1	1.1%	378,000	2,673,000	No
11	Pennsylvania	12.9	0.2%	749,000	13.6	0.6%	822,000	5,786,000	No
12	Michigan	12.8	1.2%	564,000	14.1	1.2%	623,000	4,409,000	No
13	Illinois	12.8	0.3%	708,000	13.6	0.5%	755,000	5,537,000	No
14	Massachusetts	12.6	0.1%	412,000	13.6	0.2%	443,000	3,267,000	No
15	Ohio	12.5	0.3%	641,000	13.5	0.5%	691,000	5,108,000	No
16	Nevada	12.4	1.1%	171,000	14.5	1.7%	201,000	1,382,000	Yes
17	Rhode Island	12.3	3.8%	62,000	13.2	4.5%	67,000	507,000	No
18	Montana	11.8	0.6%	56,000	13.0	0.7%	61,000	470,000	No
19	Maryland	10.7	0.9%	302,000	12.8	0.4%	362,000	2,822,000	No
20	Missouri	9.3	0.3%	255,000	10.6	0.2%	286,000	2,734,000	No
21	New Hampshire	9.3	0.8%	62,000	10.9	0.3%	73,000	668,000	No
22	Maine	9.2		52,000	10.8	0.7%	61,000	566,000	No
23	District of Columbia	9.1		32,000	10.4		36,000	347,000	No
24	Kansas	8.9	0.9%	120,000	10.6	1.5%	144,000	1,360,000	Yes
25	Kentucky	8.8	0.9%	152,000	11.3	1.0%	194,000	1,719,000	Yes
26	Delaware	8.8	0.3%	38,000	10.1	0.7%	44,000	436,000	No
27	West Virginia	8.7	0.5%	60,000	10.1	0.1%	70,000	691,000	Yes
28	Indiana	8.0	0.6%	245,000	9.1	0.5%	278,000	3,054,000	Yes
29	Alabama	7.5	0.3%	156,000	8.6	0.2%	180,000	2,088,000	Yes
30	New Mexico	7.5	1.3%	60,000	9.1	1.5%	73,000	805,000	No
31	Wisconsin	7.4	0.3%	205,000	8.4	0.4%	232,000	2,761,000	Yes
32	Nebraska	7.3	0.8%	68,000	9.4	1.3%	88,000	940,000	Yes
33	Iowa	7.2	0.2%	107,000	8.8	0.1%	131,000	1,490,000	Yes
34	Mississippi	7.0	1.4%	75,000	9.8	2.6%	106,000	1,081,000	Yes
35	Colorado	6.9	0.2%	189,000	8.6	1.1%	235,000	2,730,000	No
36	Oklahoma	6.8	1.3%	115,000	7.7	0.7%	132,000	1,705,000	Yes
37	North Dakota	6.2	0.2%	22,000	7.5	0.1%	27,000	359,000	Yes
38	Tennessee	6.0	0.5%	178,000	6.9	0.6%	205,000	2,981,000	Yes
39	Wyoming	5.6		14,000	6.6	0.7%	17,000	256,000	Yes
40	Arkansas	5.1	0.2%	62,000	5.8	0.1%	71,000	1,217,000	Yes
41	Florida	4.7	0.2%	442,000	6.1	0.5%	578,000	9,453,000	Yes
42	Georgia	4.6	0.2%	211,000	5.4		250,000	4,626,000	Yes
43	Idaho	4.5	0.2%	37,000	5.5	0.4%	44,000	810,000	Yes
44	Texas	4.5	0.4%	586,000	5.4	0.3%	701,000	13,019,000	Yes
45	Louisiana	4.3	0.1%	76,000	5.2		91,000	1,765,000	Yes
48	Virginia	4.3	0.6%	176,000	5.6	1.1%	226,000	4,042,000	Yes
47	Arizona	4.2	1.3%	133,000	4.8	1.4%	152,000	3,164,000	Yes
48	Utah	4.1	0.2%	65,000	8.4	0.3%	134,000	1,584,000	Yes
49	South Dakota	3.6	0.5%	15,000	4.2		18,000	425,000	Yes
50	North Carolina	2.7	0.1%	125,000	3.3	0.6%	152,000	4,623,000	Yes
51	South Carolina	2.3	0.6%	49,000	3.0	1.0%	63,000	2,130,000	Yes
—	United States	10.0	0.1%	14,424,000	11.2	0.1%	16,193,000	144,541,000	N/A

See also

• International comparisons of labor unions
• Labor unions in the United States
• Right-to-work law

External links

• Hirsch, Barry T.; Macpherson, David (2016). "Union Membership and Coverage Database". Unionstats.com.
  • Hirsch, Barry T.; Macpherson, David A.; Vroman, Wayne G. (2016). "Union Density Estimates by State, 1964–2015". Atlanta: Georgia State University.
    • State Union Membership Density, 1964–2008 (Excel file)
    • State Union Coverage Density, 1977–2008 (Excel file)