Uniformitarian Principle (linguistics)

The Uniformitarian Principle is a key hypothesis in the study of linguistics and language change today. Peter Trudgill calls the uniformitarian principle "one of the fundamental bases of modern historical linguistics," which he characterizes, other things being equal, as the principle "that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present." It is the linguistic adaptation of a widespread principle in the sciences, there usually known as uniformitarianism.

Application in linguistics

In linguistics, Uriel Weinreich, William Labov and Marvin Herzog appear to have been the first to expressly elaborate, in the 1960s, on a hitherto tacit assumption of equivalent processes being at play in the present time as in the past. They did not do so without precedent, however, as historical and comparative linguistics, from the late 18th century on, seem to have adopted such process-oriented thinking. Hermann Paul, for instance, assumed what he the called "psychological" principles in the 1860s as underlying language change. William Labov's "Principles of Language Change, Part 1: Internal Factors," from 1994, gives probably the most coherent account to date by expressly linking the Uniformitarian Principle to geographical uniformitarianism and expressing the parallels. Around the same time William Dwight Whitney wrote of "So far back as we can trace the history of language, the forces which have been efficient in producing its changes ... have been the same". Labov summarizes the state-of-the-art: "Today, it would seem that linguistics has accepted the uniformitarian principle and its consequences, as geology, biology, and other historical sciences have done."