Tropicoporus tropicalis is a mushroom of the family Hymenochaetaceae.[2] Tropicoporus tropicalis is a wood-decaying basidiomycetes that rarely causes disease in animals and human, and is commonly found in humid climate such as Brazil.[3][4][5][6][7] In its natural environment, the fungus is associated with white rot woody angiosperms, and has its annual fruiting body on tree trunks and branches.[4] Tropicoporus tropicalis has two kinds of hyphae (a dimitic hyphal system), generative and skeletal, that lack clamp connections.[3][4][8][9]
| External image | |
|---|---|
 Fig. A – D on page 17 of Lima et al. (2022)'s paper on MNHN's website. |
| Tropicoporus tropicalis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Hymenochaetales |
| Family: | Hymenochaetaceae |
| Genus: | Tropicoporus |
| Species: | T. tropicalis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Tropicoporus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen & Lombard) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai (2015)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Taxonomy
editPoria rickii is a species described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1920.[10] Alix David and Mario Rajchenberg renamed it Phellinus rickii in 1985.[11]
However, there already is a pre-existing name Phellinus rickii Teixeira 1950. To avoid confusion, Larsen and Lombard (1988) gave David and Rajchenberg's P. rickii a new name Phellinus tropicalis.[9]
Wagner and Fischer (2002) showed that Phellinus tropicalis belong in Inonotus sensu stricto after phylogenetic analysis of the fungus's rDNA nuclear LSU sequence, and renamed it Inonotus tropicalis.[12]
In Zhou et al. (2015), Inonotus sensu lato (equivalent to Inonotus sensu stricto in Wagner and Fischer 2002) contains at least three clades (A, B, and C). Clade A is Inonotus sensu stricto, and clade B and C together form the Inonotus linteus complex. Clade B and C each was given names Tropicoporus and Sanghuangporus. The fungus, belonging to clade B, is renamed Tropicoporus tropicalis in the same time.[2]
Description
editTropicoporus tropicalis is a fungus with the growth characteristics of being appressed, short-downy, homogeneous, adherent, even margins, indistinct, and odourless.[9] It is also woolly and yellowish-orange colonies,[3] with annual fruiting bodies and dimitic hyphal system,[12] which refers to the appearance of two kinds of hyphae: generative (2.5 – 4 ɥm in diameter, thin-walled, simple-septate, and pale yellowish brown), and skeletal (3.5 – 4.5 ɥm in diameter, thick-walled, infrequently simple-septate, and dull yellowish brown).[4][8][9] Moreover, the fungus lacks setal hyphae and clamp connections in its hyphae, which is either thin or thick walled.[3][8] However, it has numerous reddish brown Hymenial setae that has a maximum length of 25 ɥm,[8][13] and has dull brown pores that becomes whiter near the margin.[9][13] The Basidiocarp of Tropicoporus tropicalis is annual, resupinate, and hyaline.[2][8] The abundant fungal spores are coloured yellowish to ochraceous, and shaped ovoid to broadly ellipsoid and smooth when mature.[13] Both the spores (7 - 9 per mm) and the basidiospores are small, with basidiospores having more than 3.5 um wide when it is ellipsoid, and are less than 3.5 um wide when it is sub-globose.[2][8]
Physiology
editThe fungus grows:
- Moderately rapid in MEA (Malt Extract Agar)[9]
- In 0.05% cycloheximide[3]
The mat diameter of the fungus depends on temperature, but the optimal growth temperature is around 36 °C, and the maximum temperature without growth (not killed) is 44 °C.[9] Even though all parts of the fungus could be darkened by 2% KOH, only the hyphae can be stained by phloxine, a reddish dye.[9] Furthermore, Tropicoporus tropicalis is also found to be highly resistant to caspofungin and posaconazole, two different anti-fungal compounds.[3]
Ecology and habitat
editTropicoporus tropicalis is a poroid wood-decaying basidiomycete[4][5] that is usually associated with white rot woody angiosperms,[3] grow on deciduous wood,[6] and have fruiting body on infected tree trunks and branches.[4] It is mainly found in the tropical zone[2] and humid climate,[6] such as Brazil; but is present in Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Costa Rica, Colombia, East Africa, and Malaya, Johore, and Mawaii Malaysia.[7]
As a pathogen
editTropicoporus tropicalis rarely causes diseases in animals and human.[3] However, it is an opportunistic pathogen that has the potential to induce allergic and invasive diseases in mammals.[3]
Animal
editThe fungus has been recorded to cause fungal pericardial effusion and myocarditis in a French bulldog, that was under immunosuppressive therapy (species was non-pigmented, and has indication of a hyalohyphomycosis infection);[5] and induced a granulomatous mediastinal mass in an immunocompromised Irish Wolfhound dog.[14]
Human
editThe first association of an invasive infection on human occurred on a patient with chronic granulomatous disease.[7][15] In addition, two similar chronic granulomatous disease cases of I. tropicalis infection were later found in immunodeficient children and adults that had caused osteomyelitis.[6]
In 2021, the first case of Tropicoporus tropicalis infection on a immunocompetent human was reported.[16]
References
edit- ^ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ a b c d e Zhou, Li-Wei; Vlasák, Josef; Decock, Cony; Assefa, Addisu; Stenlid, Jan; Abate, Dawit; Wu, Sheng-Hua; Dai, Yu-Cheng (26 April 2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8. S2CID 16031605.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Chowdhary, A.; Kathuria, S.; Agarwal, K.; Meis, J. F. (8 September 2014). "Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review". Medical Mycology. 52 (8): 782–797. doi:10.1093/mmy/myu047. PMID 25202126.
- ^ a b c d e f De Simone, Daniele; D’Amico, Lorella; Bressanin, Daniela; Motta, Emma; Annesi, Tiziana (17 August 2010). "Molecular characterization of Inonotus rickii /Ptychogaster cubensis isolates from different geographic provenances". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 301–306. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0702-5. S2CID 32088978.
- ^ a b c Ribas, Thibault; Pipe-Martin, Hannah; Kim, Kenneth S.; Leissinger, Mary K.; Bauer, Rudy W.; Grasperge, Britton J.; Grooters, Amy M.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Pariaut, Romain (June 2015). "Fungal myocarditis and pericardial effusion secondary to Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) in a dog". Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. 17 (2): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2015.01.004. PMID 26003903.
- ^ a b c d Nguyen, D.K.; Davis, C.M.; Chinen, J.; Vallejo, J.G.; Noroski, L.M. (February 2009). "Basidiomycetous Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis Osteomyelitis in Pediatric and Adult X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 123 (2): S13. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.060.
- ^ a b c Sutton, D. A.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Iwen, P. C.; Nakasone, K. K.; Jung, H. S.; Rosenblatt, H. M.; Paul, M. E. (4 February 2005). "Identification and First Report of Inonotus (Phellinus) tropicalis as an Etiologic Agent in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (2): 982–987. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.2.982-987.2005. PMC 548074. PMID 15695724.
- ^ a b c d e f Campos-Santana, Marisa De; Robledo, Gerardo; Decock, Cony; Silveira, Rosa Mara Borges Da (March 2015). "Diversity of the Poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) from the Atlantic Forest and Pampa in Southern Brazil". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 43–78. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.43. hdl:11336/16390. S2CID 85945170.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Larsen, Michael J.; Lombard, Frances F. (January 1988). "Studies in the Genus Phellinus. I. The Identity of Phellinus rickii with Notes on Its Facultative Synonyms". Mycologia. 80 (1): 72. doi:10.2307/3807495. JSTOR 3807495.
- ^ "Poria rickii". MycoBank. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
- ^ David A, Rajchenberg M (1985). "Pore fungi from French Antilles and Guiana". Mycotaxon. 22 (2): 285–325.
- ^ a b Wagner, T; Fischer, M (2002). "Proceedings towards a natural classification of the worldwide taxa Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l., and phylogenetic relationships of allied genera". Mycologia. 94 (6): 998–1016. doi:10.2307/3761866. JSTOR 3761866. PMID 21156572.
- ^ a b c Gottlieb, Alexandra M.; Wright, Jorge E.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (August 2002). "Inonotus s. l. in Argentina — Morphology, cultural characters and molecular analyses". Mycological Progress. 1 (3): 299–313. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0028-5. S2CID 32814231.
- ^ Sheppard, B. J.; McGrath, E.; Giuffrida, M.; Craft, S. L. M.; Kung, C. Y.; Smith, M. E. (8 August 2013). "Report of wood decay fungus Inonotus tropicalis (phylum Basidiomycota) from a dog with a granulomatous mediastinal mass". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25 (5): 566–572. doi:10.1177/1040638713499341. PMID 23929678.
- ^ Davis, CM; Noroski, LM; Dishop, MK; Sutton, DA; Braverman, RM; Paul, ME; Rosenblatt, HM (July 2007). "Basidiomycetous fungal Inonotus tropicalis sacral osteomyelitis in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26 (7): 655–6. doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3180616cd0. PMID 17596815.
- ^ Gupta P, Kaur H, Dwivedi S, Agnihotri S, Rudramurthy SM (2021). "First case of Tropicoporus tropicalis keratitis in an immunocompetent host from India and review of the literature". Journal of Medical Mycology. 32 (1). doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101205.