trans-2-Hexenal is an organic unsaturated aldehyde with a six-carbon chain. This clear, pale yellow liquid has a green, leafy, herbal fruit smell. It occurs naturally in a wide variety of plants, fruits, vegetables, and spices, and appears to be an important mediating and signalling chemical in plant-fungus and plant-insect interactions, such as the symbiosis between acacia ants and Acacias.[1][2]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
(2E)-hex-2-enal | |
| Other names
(trans)-2-Hexenal
(2(E))-hexenal 6728-26-3 (E)-Hex-2-enal 3-propylacrolein β-propylacrolein | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C6H10O | |
| Molar mass | 98.14 g/mol |
| Density | 0.841-0.848 g/cm3 |
| Boiling point | 47.00°C @ 17.00 mmHg |
| Vapor pressure | 6.6 mmHg |
| Related compounds | |
Related alkenals
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(cis)-3-hexenal |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Occurrence
editThis aldehyde is a commonly produced volatile organic compound (VOC) among the flowering plants. It is among the VOCs known as Green leaf volatiles, as they are released following damage to the leaf, whether by crushing, herbivory, or bacterial or fungal infection. It is also found in other parts of the plant. For example, it was found to constitute 34% of the total VOCs from fresh strawberry fruits and 28% of VOCs from fresh tomato fruits.[3]
trans-2-hexenal appears to be an airborne signalling chemical that can upregulate plant defenses, from leaf to leaf on the same plant as well as between neighboring plants.[4] It has been shown to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens.[5]
It is also implicated in the mutualistic relationship between Acacia and related trees and their ant partners. The bullhorn acacia tree, Vachellia cornigera, grows inflated hollow spines at the base of its leaves that serve as nesting places for its symbiotic partner, the acacia ant, Pseudomyrmex ferruginea. The tree produces sugary nectar and fat- and protein-rich nutrient packets at the tips of its leaflets to serve as food for the ants. In return, the ants react aggressively towards any pest or herbivore which damages the Acacia leaves. It is the release of trans-2-hexenal from the damaged leaf that the ants sense and react to.[6][7][8]
Uses
editThis aldehyde is approved for use as a food additive and is used, highly diluted, in perfumery.[9] It is said to lend a green apple, leafy, herbal, spicy banana note to a fragrance.[10]
It may also find use as an antifungal agent, including as a post-harvest fruit preservative.[11][12]
See also
edit- Myrmecophyte, a plant that lives in a mutualistic association with ants
- Synomone, a signalling chemical which benefits both parties in a symbiotic relationship
- Plant defense against herbivory
- Plant communication
- cis-3-Hexenal, a similar aldehyde which also mediates plant-insect interactions
References
edit- ^ . doi:10.11983/CBB20131.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Wood, William; Wood, Brenda (2004). "Chemical Released from Host Acacia by Feeding Herbivores is Detected by Symbiotic Acacia-ants". Caribbean Journal of Science. 40: 396-399.
- ^ Xu, Yanqun; Tong, Zhichao; Zhang, Xiaochen; Zhang, Xing; Luo, Zisheng; Shao, Wenyong; Li, Li; Ma, Quan; Zheng, Xiaodong; Fang, Weiguo (July 2021). "Plant volatile organic compound ( E )-2-hexenal facilitates Botrytis cinerea infection of fruits by inducing sulfate assimilation". New Phytologist. 231 (1): 432–446. doi:10.1111/nph.17378. PMID 33792940.
- ^ Ameye, Maarten; Allmann, Silke; Verwaeren, Jan; Smagghe, Guy; Haesaert, Geert; Schuurink, Robert C.; Audenaert, Kris (November 2018). "Green leaf volatile production by plants: a meta-analysis". New Phytologist. 220 (3): 666–683. doi:10.1111/nph.14671. PMID 28665020.
- ^ Ouyang, Qiuli; Shi, Shiwei; Liu, Yangmei; Yang, Yanqin; Zhang, Yonghua; Yuan, Xingxing; Tao, Nengguo; Li, Lu (September 2023). "Inhibitory Mechanisms of trans-2-Hexenal on the Growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii". Journal of Fungi. 9 (9): 930. doi:10.3390/jof9090930. PMC 10532542. PMID 37755038.
- ^ Martins, Dino J. (December 2010). "Not all ants are equal: obligate acacia ants provide different levels of protection against mega-herbivores". African Journal of Ecology. 48 (4): 1115–1122. Bibcode:2010AfJEc..48.1115M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01226.x.
- ^ . doi:10.11983/CBB20131.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Wood, William; Wood, Brenda (2004). "Chemical Released from Host Acacia by Feeding Herbivores is Detected by Symbiotic Acacia-ants". Caribbean Journal of Science. 40: 396-399.
- ^ "2-Hexenal". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ "(E)-2-hexenal, 6728-26-3". TGSC. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ Dong, Yupeng; Li, Yongcai; Long, Haitao; Liu, Zhitian; Huang, Yi; Zhang, Miao; Wang, Tiaolan; Liu, Yongxiang; Bi, Yang; Prusky, Dov B. (1 June 2021). "Preparation and use of trans-2-hexenal microcapsules to preserve 'Zaosu' pears". Scientia Horticulturae. 283: 110091. Bibcode:2021ScHor.28310091D. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110091.
- ^ Wakai, Junko; Kusama, Shoko; Nakajima, Kosuke; Kawai, Shikiho; Okumura, Yasuaki; Shiojiri, Kaori (12 July 2019). "Effects of trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenal on post-harvest strawberry". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 10112. Bibcode:2019NatSR...910112W. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46307-4. PMC 6626038. PMID 31300659.