Toxicoscordion fontanum, common name small-flower death camas, is a rare plant species known only from serpentine marshes in California. It is found primarily in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino County to San Luis Obispo County, with an additional report of an isolated population in the Sierra Nevada foothills in Kern County east of Bakersfield.[3][4]
| Small-flower death camas | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Melanthiaceae |
| Genus: | Toxicoscordion |
| Species: | T. fontanum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Toxicoscordion fontanum (Eastw.) Zomlefer & Judd
| |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Toxicoscordion fontanum is a bulb-forming perennial herb. Bulbs are egg-shaped, up to 40 mm (1.6 inches) long, not clumped together. Inflorescences are paniculate, sometimes with as many as 100 flowers. Tepals are cream-colored, up to 12 mm (0.5 inches) long; filaments shorter than the tepals.[5][6][7][8]
Toxicity
editAs with many other species formerly included in Zigadenus, this species is highly toxic and potentially lethal to humans and to livestock.[9] Some people have eaten it confusing it with wild onion, Allium spp. Zigadenus, despite Toxicoscordion not having the characteristic onion scent associated with Allium spp.[10][11]
Ecology
editIt is not unusual to find species that specialize in growing on serpentine soil. There are scattered pocket of this soil in various parts of California, Oregon, and elsewhere. Metamorphic rocks such as serpentinite are formed well below the earth's surface then carried upward by geologic activity. Soils made from such rocks tend to be low in nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus but high in nickel and chromium. Such conditions are toxic to most plants, but some species such as T. fontanum have evolved with adaptations allowing them to tolerate serpentine soils.[12]
References
edit- ^ Tropicos
- ^ The Plant List
- ^ Flora of North America v 26 p 85.
- ^ Calflora taxon report, Toxicoscordion fontanum (Eastw.) Zomlefer & Judd, marsh zigadenus
- ^ Zomlefer, Wendy B., & Judd, Walter Stephen. 2002. Resurrection of segregates of the polyphyletic genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthisaceae) and resulting new combinations. Novon 12(2):299-308.
- ^ Eastwood, Alice. 1937. Zygadenus fontanus: a new species from Mt. Tamalpais. Leaflets of Western Botany 2(3): 41–42.
- ^ McNeal, Dale W. 1992. New taxa and new combinations in western North American Liliaceae. Phytologia 73(4): 307-311
- ^ Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. California Flora 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- ^ Heilpern, K. L. (1995). "Zigadenus poisoning". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 25 (2): 259–262. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70336-5. PMID 7832360.
- ^ Death Camas and Wild Onion
- ^ El Zorro Colorado, Death Camas
- ^ Alexander, E. B.; Coleman, R. G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Harrison, S. (2007). Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America: Geology, Soils, and Vegetation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516508-X.