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To the White Fiends

To The White Fiends is a Petrarchan sonnet by Claude McKay.[1][2] The Poetry Foundation describes it as one of McKay's most famous works from the late 1910s.[3] In 2018 the scholar Timo Muller described it as "a pivotal text in the history of the black protest sonnet" and notes that it was McKay's first to reach a "wider audience".[4] Léon Damas quoted part of the poem in his 1937 book of poetry Pigments.[5][6][7] McKay, an immigrant to the United States, had written the poem the first year he spent in the nation in 1912.[8] He sent an early draft of the poem to William Stanley Braithwaite, a Bostonian poetry editor in January 1916.[9] The Crisis rejected the poem and it was not published until 1918 by Pearson's Magazine. In 1919 the poem was republished by The Liberator magazine.[4]

References

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  1. ^ McKay, Claude. "To the White Fiends". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  2. ^ Black World/Negro Digest. Johnson Publishing Company. September 1975. pp. 37–39, 45.
  3. ^ "Claude McKay". Poetry Foundation. 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  4. ^ a b Müller, Timo (2018-08-02). The African American Sonnet: A Literary History. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-4968-1786-0.
  5. ^ Wintz, Cary D. (1996). Analysis and Assessment, 1980-1994. Taylor & Francis. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8153-2218-4.
  6. ^ Miller, F. Bart (2014-04-10). Rethinking Négritude through Léon-Gontran Damas. Rodopi. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-94-012-1071-3.
  7. ^ Serrano, Richard (2006-11-24). Against the Postcolonial: "francophone" Writers at the Ends of French Empire. Lexington Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7391-2029-3.
  8. ^ Cooper, Wayne (1964). "Claude McKay and the New Negro of the 1920's". Phylon. 25 (3): 297–306. doi:10.2307/273789. ISSN 0031-8906. JSTOR 273789.
  9. ^ Cooper, Wayne F. (1996-02-01). Claude McKay, Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography. LSU Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-8071-2074-3.
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