Thermoelectric acclimatization depends on the possibility of a Peltier cell of absorbing heat on one side and rejecting heat on the other side.[1] Consequently, it is possible to use them for heating[2] on one side and cooling on the other[3] and as a temperature control system.[4]
Peltier cell heat pump
editA typical Peltier cell based heat pump can be used by coupling the thermoelectric generators with photovoltaic air cooled panels as defined in the PhD thesis of Alexandra Thedeby.[5] Considering the system with an air plant that ensures the possibility of heating on one side and cooling on the other.[6] By changing the configuration it allows both winter and summer acclimatization.[7] These elements are expected to be an effective element for zero-energy buildings, if coupled with solar thermal energy and photovoltaic[8] with particular reference to create radiant heat pumps on the walls of a building.[9]
It must be remarked that this acclimatization method ensures the ideal efficiency during summer cooling if coupled with a photovoltaic generator. The air circulation could be also used for cooling the temperature of PV modules.
The most important engineering requirement is the accurate design of heat sinks[10] to optimize the heat exchange and minimize the fluiddynamic losses.
Thermodynamic parameters
editThe efficiency can be determined by the following relation:
where is the temperature of the cooling surface and is the temperature of the heating surface.
The key energy phenomena and the reason of defining a specific use of thermoelectric elements (Figure 1) as heat pump resides in the energy fluxes that those elements allow realizing:[11][12]
- Conductive power :
- Heat flux on the cold side :
- Heat flux on the hot side :
- Electric power :
Where the following terms are used: , electric current; α Seebeck coefficient; R electric resistance, S surface area, d cell thickness, and k thermal conductivity.
The efficiencies of the system are:
- Cooling efficiency:
- Heating efficiency:
COP can be calculated according to Cannistraro.[13]
Final uses
editThermoelectric heat pumps can be easily used for both local acclimatization for removing local discomfort situations.[14] For example, thermoelectric ceilings are today in an advanced research stage[15] with the aim of increasing indoor comfort conditions according to Fanger,[16] such as the ones that may appear in presence of large glassed surfaces, and for small building acclimatization if coupled with solar systems.[17][18]
Those systems have the key importance in the direction of new zero emissions passive building because of a very high COP value[19] and the following high performances by an accurate exergy optimization of the system.[20]
At industrial level thermoelectric acclimatization appliances are actually under development[21]
References
edit- ^ L. E. (2008). Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems. Science, 321(5895), 1457-1461. http://engin1000.pbworks.com/f/TE_rev.pdf
- ^ "Peltier for Heating, yes, HEATING! - Overclocking". Tom's Hardware.
- ^ Nemati, A., Nami, H., Yari, M., Ranjbar, F., & Kolvir, H. R. (2016). Development of an exergoeconomic model for analysis and multi-objective optimization of a thermoelectric heat pump. Energy Conversion and Management, 130, 1-13. [1]
- ^ Mannella GA, La Carrubba V, Brucato V. (2014). Peltier cells as temperature control elements: Experimental characterization and modeling. Applied thermal engineering 63(1): 234-245. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.10.069
- ^ Alexandra Thedeby, Heating and Cooling with Solar Powered Peltier Elements, Ms. Thesis, Department of Energy Planning, Division of Efficient Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University http://www.ees.energy.lth.se/fileadmin/ees/Publikationer/2014/Ex5308-AlexandraThedeby-HeatingAndCoolingWithSolarPoweredPeltierElements....pdf
- ^ Martín-Gómez, C., Ibáñez-Puy, M., Bermejo-Busto, J., Sacristán Fernández, J. A., Ramos, J. C., & Rivas, A. (2016). Thermoelectric cooling heating unit prototype. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 37(4), 431-449. [2]
- ^ Yilmazoglu, M. Z. (2016). Experimental and numerical investigation of a prototype thermoelectric heating and cooling unit. Energy and Buildings, 113, 51-60. [3]
- ^ Liu, Z., Zhang, L., Gong, G., Li, H., & Tang, G. (2015). Review of solar thermoelectric cooling technologies for use in zero energy buildings. Energy and Buildings, 102, 207-216. [4]
- ^ Khire, R. A., Messac, A., & Van Dessel, S. (2005). Design of thermoelectric heat pump unit for active building envelope systems. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48(19-20), 4028-4040. https://messac.expressions.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Messac_2005_JHMT_ABE.pdf
- ^ Trancossi, M., Pascoa, J. (2020). Design of ventilated cross flow heat sinks. Modelling, Measurement and Control C, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 90-97. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmc_c.790305
- ^ Jugsujinda, S., Voraud, A., & Seetawan, T. (2011). Analyzing of thermoelectric refrigerator performance. Procedia Engineering, 8, 154-159. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251716178_Analyzing_of_Thermoelectric_Refrigerator_Performance
- ^ Goldsmid, H. J. (2016). Theory of Thermoelectric Refrigeration and Generation. In Introduction to Thermoelectricity (pp. 9-24). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- ^ Cannistraro M. and Trancossi M., (2018) Indoor comfort in presence radiant exchanges with insolated glassed walls and local acclimatization to increase indoor comfort conditions, Italian Journal of Engineering Science: Tecnica Italiana, Vol. 61+1, pp. 27-35.[5]
- ^ Cannistraro G, Cannistraro M, Restivo R. (2015). The local media radiant temperature for the calculation of comfort in areas characterized by radiant surfaces. IJHT 33: 115-122. http://iieta.org/sites/default/files/Journals/IJHT/33.2_13.pdf
- ^ Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Wiset, L., & Atthajariyakul, S. (2009). Evaluation of the thermal comfort of a thermoelectric ceiling cooling panel (TE-CCP) system. Journal of electronic materials, 38(7), 1472-1477. [6]
- ^ P.O. Fanger, Thermal Comfort Analysis and Application in Environmental Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972) https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19722700268
- ^ Le Pierrès N, Cosnier M, Luo L, Fraisse G. (2008).Coupling of thermoelectric modules with a photovoltaic panel for air pre‐heating and pre‐cooling application; an annual simulation. International Journal of Energy Research 32(14): 1316-1328. [7]
- ^ Trancossi M., Kay J., Cannistraro M., (2018) Peltier cells based acclimatization system for a container passive building, Italian Journal of Engineering Science: Tecnica Italiana Vol. 61+1, No. 2, December, 2018, pp. 90-96 http://iieta.org/sites/default/files/Journals/IJES/61+1.02_06.pdf
- ^ Zhang, X., & Zhao, L. D. (2015). Thermoelectric materials: Energy conversion between heat and electricity. Journal of Materiomics, 1(2), 92-105. [8]
- ^ Trancossi, M., Cannistraro, G., & Pascoa, J. (2020). Thermoelectric and solar heat pump use toward self sufficient buildings: The case of a container house. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 18, 100509. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339429358_Thermoelectric_and_solar_heat_pump_use_toward_self_sufficient_buildings_The_case_of_a_container_house
- ^ Marlow - PRIMARY USES FOR THERMOELECTRIC MODULES https://www.marlow.com/resources/thermoelectric-technology-guide/ii-tem-primary-uses