This article needs to be updated.(November 2023) |
Terrorism in France refers to the terrorist attacks that have targeted the country and its population during the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism, in this case is much related to the country's history, international affairs and political approach. Legislation has been set up by lawmakers to fight terrorism in France.
CBC News reported in December 2018 that the number of people killed in terrorist attacks in France since 2015 was 249, with the number of wounded at 928.[18] Within the European Union, France is the most affected country with recent data showcasing a total of 82 Islamist attacks and 332 deaths from 1979 to 2021.[19]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terrorist_incidents_map_of_France_1970-2015.svg/300px-Terrorist_incidents_map_of_France_1970-2015.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Terrorism_deaths_in_France.svg/220px-Terrorism_deaths_in_France.svg.png)
History
editYear | Number of incidents |
Deaths | Injuries |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 9 | 7 | 10 |
2019 | 3 | 4 | 16 |
2018 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
2017 | 9 | 3 | 16 |
2016 | 26 | 95 | 470 |
2015 | 36 | 162 | 443 |
2014 | 14 | 1 | 15 |
2013 | 12 | 0 | 5 |
2012 | 65 | 8 | 8 |
2011 | 8 | 0 | 4 |
2010 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 9 | 0 | 11 |
2008 | 13 | 0 | 1 |
2007 | 16 | 3 | 8 |
2006 | 34 | 1 | 3 |
2005 | 33 | 0 | 11 |
2004 | 11 | 0 | 10 |
2003 | 34 | 0 | 21 |
2002 | 32 | 0 | 4 |
2001 | 21 | 0 | 16 |
2000 | 28 | 4 | 1 |
1999 | 46 | 0 | 2 |
1998 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
1997 | 130 | 0 | 4 |
1996 | 270 | 18 | 114 |
1995 | 71 | 19 | 177 |
1994 | 97 | 7 | 22 |
1993 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
1992 | 126 | 9 | 12 |
1991 | 137 | 6 | 5 |
1990 | 30 | 3 | 3 |
1989 | 25 | 3 | 2 |
1988 | 54 | 6 | 19 |
1987 | 87 | 5 | 8 |
1986 | 95 | 25 | 306 |
1985 | 106 | 17 | 83 |
1984 | 145 | 15 | 57 |
1983 | 121 | 20 | 186 |
1982 | 62 | 17 | 144 |
1981 | 66 | 8 | 78 |
1980 | 94 | 20 | 74 |
1979 | 212 | 11 | 41 |
1978 | 59 | 21 | 17 |
1977 | 53 | 3 | 7 |
1976 | 58 | 7 | 10 |
1975 | 39 | 3 | 25 |
1974 | 29 | 3 | 41 |
1973 | 14 | 5 | 20 |
1972 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
1971 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1970 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2,654 | 547 | 2,559 |
Islamic terrorism
editFrance had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA).
In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.[22] Le Monde reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.[23]
In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.[24]
The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister François Hollande and prime minister Manuel Valls saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".[22]
Although jihadists in the 2015-onward timeframe legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:[25]
- France's secular domestic policies (Laïcité) which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".[25]
- France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.[26]
- France has a large Muslim minority[26]
- France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.[27]
- Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, Marianne, the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an anticlerical satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom[dubious – discuss]. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.[27]
Right-wing terrorism
editFrance has a modern history of right-wing terrorism that dates back to the middle of the 20th century. Historically, right-wing terrorism was tied to rage over the loss of France's colonial possessions in Africa, particularly Algeria. In 1961, the Organisation armée secrète or OAS, a right-wing terrorist group that protested Algerian independence from France, launched a bomb attack on board a Strasbourg–Paris train which killed 28 people.[29]
On 14 December 1973, the far-right Charles Martel Group orchestrated a bomb attack at the Consulate of Algeria, killing 4 people and injuring 20.[30] The group targeted mostly Algerian targets several more times.
In the town of Toulon, a far-right extremist group called SOS-France existed. On 18 August 1986, four members were driving a car carrying explosives, apparently in an attempt to bomb the offices of SOS Racisme. However it exploded while they were still in it, killing all four of them.[31]
In more recent history, far-right extremism in France has been fueled by the rise of anti-immigrant far-right political movements. Neo-Nazi members of the French and European Nationalist Party were responsible for a pair of anti-immigrant terror bombings in 1988. Sonacotra hostels in Cagnes-sur-Mer and Cannes were bombed, killing Romanian immigrant George Iordachescu and injuring 16 people, mostly Tunisians. In an attempt to frame Jewish extremists for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left leaflets bearing Stars of David and the name Masada at the scene, with the message "To destroy Israel, Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."[32]
On 28 May 2008, members of the neo-Nazi Nomad 88 group fired with machine guns at people from their car in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge.[33][34]
In the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo shooting, six mosques and a restaurant were attacked in acts deemed as right-wing terrorism by authorities.[35] The acts included grenade throwing, shooting, and use of an improvised explosive device.List of significant terrorist incidents inside France
editFrance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Sub | Location | Deaths | Injuries | Type | Perpetrator | Description of target and attack | |
15 September 1958 | Paris | 1 | 3 | Small arms fire | FLN (Algerian nationalists) | – Government institutions
| ||
18 June 1961 | Blacy, Marne | 28 | 100+ | Improvised Explosive Device | Organisation armée secrète | – Private citizens & property
| ||
14 December 1973 | Marseille | 4 | 20 | Improvised Explosive Device | Charles Martel Group |
– Diplomatic (Algeria) | ||
15 September 1974 | Paris | 2 | 34 | Improvised Explosive Device | PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
24 October 1975 | Paris | 2 | - | Grenade & Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
20 May 1978 | Paris | 4 | 3 | Grenade & Small arms fire | PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) | – Airports & airlines | ||
5 October 1978 | Marseille | 9 | 12 | Small arms fire | – Private citizens & property
| |||
23 December 1979 | Paris | 1 | - | Grenade & Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
28 January 1980 | Paris | 1 | 8 | Improvised Explosive Device | – Diplomatic (Syrian)
| |||
17 July 1980 | Paris | 2 | 4 | Small arms fire | Guards of Islam (Iranian agents) |
– Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
| ||
29 July 1980 | Lyon | 2 | 11 | Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
3 October 1980 | Paris | 4 | 40 | Improvised Explosive Device | - | – Religious figures & institutions
| ||
25 November 1980 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | - | – Private citizens & property
| ||
4 March 1981 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
24 September 1981 | Paris | 1 | 2 | Small arms fire – Hostage taking
(2 days) |
ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
29 March 1982 | Ambazac | 5 | 27 | Improvised Explosive Device | Carlos the Jackal | – Transport
| ||
22 April 1982 | Paris | 1 | 47 | Car bomb | Carlos the Jackal | – Political
| ||
9 August 1982 | Paris | 6 | 22 | Grenade & Small arms fire | Abu Nidal Organization | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
21 August 1982 | Paris | 1 | 2 | Improvised Explosive Device | - | – Diplomatic (United States)
| ||
28 February 1983 | Paris | 1 | 4 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
15 July 1983 | Paris | 8 | 55 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Airports & airlines
| ||
5 August 1983 | Avignon | 7 | – | Small arms fire | – Private citizens & property
| |||
1 October 1983 | Marseille | 1 | 26 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
31 December 1983 | Marseille | 5 | 58+ | Improvised Explosive Device | Carlos the Jackal | – Transport
| ||
7 February 1984 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | Hezbollah & Islamic Jihad | – Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
| ||
8 February 1984 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Abu Nidal Organization | – Diplomatic (Emirati)
| ||
25 January 1985 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Action Directe | – Government institutions
| ||
23 February 1985 | Paris | 1 | 15 | Improvised Explosive Device | – | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
3 March 1985 | Paris | 4 | – | Small arms fire | – | – Government institutions (Foreign: Khmer Rouge)
| ||
20 March 1986 | Paris | 2 | 28 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
25 April 1986 | Lyon | 1 | – | Small arms fire | – | – Business
| ||
9 September 1986 | Paris | 1 | 18 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Government institutions
| ||
15 September 1986 | Paris | 1 | 51 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Government institutions
| ||
17 September 1986 | Paris | 5 | 50+ | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
18 October 1986 | Toulon | 4 | – | Car bomb | – | – | ||
17 November 1986 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Action Directe | – Business
| ||
19 December 1988 | Cagnes sur Mer | 1 | 12 | Improvised Explosive Device | French and European Nationalist Party | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
5 October 1994 | Paris | 4 | 6 | Small arms fire – Hostage taking | – | – Government institutions
| ||
25 July 1995 | Paris | 8 | 150 | Improvised explosive device | GIA (Islamists) |
– Transport
| ||
3 December 1996 | Paris | 3 | 85 | Improvised explosive device | GIA (Islamists) |
– Transport
| ||
19 April 2000 | Plévin | 1 | – | Improvised explosive device | – | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
6 December 2007 | Paris | 1 | 4 | Improvised explosive device | – | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
16 December 2008 | Paris | 0 | 0 | Failed explosive device | Afghan Revolutionary Front | – Government institutions
| ||
15 March 2012 | Montauban | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | Mohammed Merah (Islamist) | – Government institutions
| ||
19 March 2012 | Toulouse | 5 (one perp.) |
1 | Small arms fire | Mohammed Merah (Islamist) | – Religious figures & institutions
| ||
7 January 2015 | Paris | 14 (2 perps.) |
11 | Small arms fire | Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
9 January 2015 | Paris | 5 (one perp.) |
9 | Small arms fire – hostage taking (1 day) |
Amedy Coulibaly (Islamist) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
26 June 2015 | Saint-Quentin-Fallavier | 1 | 2 | Bladed weapon & Improvised Explosive Device | Yassine Salhi (Islamist) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
21 August 2015 | Oignies | 0 | 5 | Small arms, bladed weapons | Ayoub El Khazzani (Islamist) | – Transport
| ||
13 November 2015 | Paris, Saint-Denis | 130 (+7) | 368 | AK-47 assault rifles, hand grenades, various explosives, suicide vests | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
14 July 2016 | Nice | 86 (+1) | 434 | Vehicular attack | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
13 June 2016 | Magnanville | 2 | 0 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
3 February 2017 | Paris | 0 | 1 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
|
||
20 April 2017 | Paris | 1 (+1) | 3 | AK-47 assault rifle | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Police officers & Private Citizen
| ||
23 March 2018 | Aude | 4 (+1) | 15 | Handgun, hunting knife and homemade explosives | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Police officers & Private Citizens
| ||
12 May 2018 | Paris | 1 (+1) | 4 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizen
| ||
11 December 2018 | Strasbourg | 5 (+1) | 11 | Modele 1892 revolver and knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens
| ||
24 May 2019 | Lyon | 0 | 13 | Improvised Explosive Device | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens
| ||
3 October 2019 | Paris | 4 (+1) | 2 | Ceramic Knife | Islamist | – Police Employees
| ||
3 January 2020 | Villejuif | 1 (+1) | 2 | Knife | Islamist | – Civilians
| ||
4 April 2020 | Romans-sur-Isère | 2 | 5 | Knife | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
27 April 2020 | Colombes | 0 | 3 | Vehicle | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
25 September 2020 | Paris | 0 | 2 | Knife | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
16 October 2020 | Éragny-sur-Oise | 1 (+1) | 0 | Knife | Islamist | -Teacher
| ||
29 October 2020 | Nice | 3 | 0 (+1) | Knife | Islamist | -Churchgoers
|
List of international terrorist incidents with significant French casualties
edit- 42 French citizens were murdered by the Hamas terrorist organization during its attack inside Israel on October 7, 2023.[104]
- 6 French nationals died as a result of the Kouré shooting in Niger on 9 August 2020.[105]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the Étoile du Sud hotel attack in Grand-Bassam in Ivory Coast on 13 March 2016.[106]
- 3 French nationals died as a result of the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel attack in Ouagadougou, in Burkina Faso on 15 January 2016.[107]
- 4 French nationals died and seven were injured as a result of the Bardo National Museum attack in Tunisia on 18 March 2015.[108]
- 2 French nationals died as a result of the assault on the Nairobi Westgate shopping complex in Kenya 21–24 September 2013.[109]
- 8 French nationals died as a result of the bombing of the Argana Cafe in Jemaa el-Fnaa square of Marrakesh in Morocco on 28 April 2011.[110][111]
- 2 French nationals died as a result of attacks on several hotels and other tourist locations in Mumbai in India 26–29 November 2008.[112]
- 4 French nationals died and one was injured as a result of an armed attack on a group of tourists on holiday near Aleg in Mauritania on 24 December 2007.[113]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the bombing of several Balinese tourist clubs in Indonesia on 12 October 2002.[114]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the September 11 attacks.
Foiled attacks
editIn 2015, a 26-year-old Moroccan man known as a member of the radical Islamist movement attempted to open fire with an AK47 assault rifle while on a high speed train one hour from Paris. He was quickly subdued by three United States servicemen who were on holiday.[115] See: 2015 Thalys train attack
Towards the end of March 2016, police arrested a Paris citizen named Reda Kriket, and upon searching his apartment, they discovered five assault rifles, a number of handguns, and an amount of chemical substances that could be used to make explosives.[116]
Kriket was convicted in absentia by a Belgian court in a 2015 case involving Abdelhamid Abaaoud.[117]
Murder of Sarah Halimi
editUnder French law, any grave act of violence committed with intent "to seriously disturb public order through intimidation or terror", is an act of terrorism; the public prosecutor decides which cases will be investigated as acts of terrorism.[118] Writing in Le Figaro attorney Gilles-William Goldnadel characterized the public prosecutor's decision not to investigate a crime, Murder of Sarah Halimi as terrorism, as "purely and simply ideological", asserting that the killer, who recited verses form the Quran before breaking into an apartment and murdering a Jewish woman, "had the profile of a radical Islamist, and yet somehow there is a resistance to call a spade a spade".[118] Sarah Halimi's murder was heard by neighbors in her building and in neighboring building over an extended period of time. Neighbors also saw the killer throw his victim from the balcony of her home, and heard the killer praying aloud after the murder.[119][118] In September, 2017, the prosecutor officially characterized the murder as an "antisemitic" hate crime.[120]
According to Jean-Charles Brisard, director of the French think tank Center for the Analysis of Terrorism, "It needs to have a certain degree of willingness to disrupt the French public order."[clarification needed][118][121]
See also
edit- Law on the fight against terrorism, 2006 French legislation
- Terrorism in the European Union
- List of Islamist terrorist attacks
- ISIL-related terror attacks in France
- 2014 Dijon attack
- Murder of Sarah Halimi
- List of massacres in France
- Jean-François Ricard (born 1956), prosecutor of the National Terrorism Prosecution Office for the prosecution of terrorism in France
- Islamic terrorism in Europe
- List of terrorist incidents
- Terrorism in the United States
- Hindu terrorism
- Left-wing terrorism
- Right-wing terrorism
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On entend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16
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