The Tephritoidea are a superfamily of flies. It has over 7,800 species, the majority of them in family Tephritidae.[1]
| Tephritoidea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Female Physiphora alceae | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Families | |
|
see text | |
The following families are included:[2]
- Ctenostylidae
- Eurygnathomyiidae
- Lonchaeidae - lance flies
- Pallopteridae — flutter flies
- Piophilidae — skippers
- Platystomatidae — signal flies
- Pyrgotidae
- Richardiidae
- Tephritidae — fruit flies
- Ulidiidae (Otitidae) — picture-winged flies
The Tachiniscinae, formerly ranked as the family Tachiniscidae, are now included in the Tephritidae.
Description edit
Tephritoidea are generally rather hairy flies with setae weakly differentiated. They have the following synapomorphies: male tergum 6 strongly reduced or absent; surstylus or medial surstylus with toothlike prensisetae (in Piophilidae only in one genus); female sterna 4-6 with anterior rodlike apodemes; female tergosternum 7 consisting of two portions, the anterior forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior consisting of two pairs of longitudinal taeniae.[3]
In most Tephritoidea, the anal cell of a wing has a characteristic shape: the anal crossvein is indented while the cell's outer posterior angle is produced into an acute lobe. The exceptions to this rule are Platystomatidae and some Tephritidae, Ulidiidae (=Otitidae), and Pyrgotidae.[4]
Many tephritoid families have spots or patterns on their wings. These are Pallopteridae,[5] Platystomatidae,[6] Pyrgotidae,[7] Richardiidae,[8] Tephritidae[9] and Ulidiidae.[10]
Ecology edit
Tephritoidea includes plant pests in the families Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Ulidiidae.[11][12] In these pest species, adult females lay their eggs on plant tissues, which hatch into larvae that begin feeding.[11] However, Tephritoidea also includes parasitoids (Ctenostylidae, Pyrgotidae and the tephritid subfamily Tachiniscinae) and saprophages that feed on decaying plants (subfamily Phytalmiinae and some Lonchaeidae).[2][11]
Phylogeny edit
Tephritoidea is a monophyletic superfamily that can be divided into two also-monophyletic groups: the Piophilidae Family Group (Pallopteridae, Circumphallidae, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae and Eurygnathomyiidae) and the Tephritidae Family Group (Richardiidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae).[2]
Evolution edit
The first Tephritoidea are believed to have evolved in the mid-Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago.[2]
References edit
- ^ Kahanpää, Jere; Winqvist, Kaj (2014-09-19). "Checklist of the Diptera superfamilies Tephritoidea and Sciomyzoidea of Finland (Insecta)". ZooKeys (441): 259–275. doi:10.3897/zookeys.441.7143. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4200462. PMID 25337022.
- ^ a b c d Han, Ho-Yeon; Ro, Kyung-Eui (2016). "Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 54 (4): 276–288. doi:10.1111/jzs.12139.
- ^ Korneyev, V. A. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among the families of the superfamily Tephritoidea". In Aluja, M.; Norrborn, A. L. (eds.). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press. pp. 3–22. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. OCLC 48652104.
- ^ McAlpine, David K. (1973-07-02). "The Australian Platystomatidae (Diptera, Schizophora) with a revision of five genera". Australian Museum Memoir. 15: 1–256. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.15.1973.454. ISSN 0067-1967.
- ^ "Family Pallopteridae - Flutter Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ "Signal Fly - Family Platystomatidae". www.brisbaneinsects.com. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2004). "Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with Nomenclatural Notes and a Key". Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (1): 19–46.
- ^ Wendt, Lisiane Dilli; Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2016-06-14). "FAMILY RICHARDIIDAE". Zootaxa. 4122 (1): 585–595. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.49. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27395297.
- ^ "Family Tephritidae - Fruit Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ Lomonosov Moscow State University; Galinskaya, T.V.; Khaghaninia, S.; University of Tabriz; Gharajedaghi, Y.; University of Tabriz (2012). "A contribution to the fauna of Ulidiidae and Otitidae (Diptera) of Iran" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin. 8 (2): 342–345. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2012-8-2-342-345.
- ^ a b c Uchoa, M. A. (2012-02-24), Soloneski, Sonia (ed.), "Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control", Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics, InTech, doi:10.5772/31613, ISBN 978-953-51-0050-8, retrieved 2022-06-21
- ^ Garcia, Flavio R. M.; Norrbom, Allen L. (2011). "Tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) and their plant hosts from the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil". Florida Entomologist. 94 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1653/024.094.0205. ISSN 0015-4040. S2CID 86617692.
External links edit
- "Tephritoidea". Atlas of Living Australia.
- The Diptera Site: Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Phylogeny