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Template:Southwest Asian Neanderthals

List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals
Present-day country (country of discovery) Site Principal Neanderthal finds MNI Geological age (ka) Descriptions Notes
Turkey Karain Four teeth 1 — Senyürek (1949)[1][2]

Yalçınkaya (1988)[3][2]

Lebanon Ksâr 'Akil K2: Teeth and partial maxilla 1 — Ewing (1963)[4] Ewing lost this specimen while transferring Ksar Akil material from Boston College to Fordham University.[5]
Lebanon El Masloukh Upper second molar[6] (1) — ? Neanderthal attribution is stratigraphic, not morphological.[7]
Israel Kebara KMH1: 7-9 mo. old partial skel.

KMH2: Post-cranial adult ♂

Various fragments

KMH3: Milk tooth (m1-r)[8]
KMH4: 9 milk teeth, germ of 1 permanent tooth [9][8]
KMH5: Child mandibular symphysis fragment, no teeth[8]
KMH6: Right maxillary fragment with M1 and M2[8]
KMH7: Milk tooth (m?-r)[8]
KMH8: Milk tooth (m2-l)[8]
KMH9: Foot bone (4th right metatarsal)[8]
KMH10: Foot bone (1st toe distal phalanx)[8]
KMH11: Right clavicle fragment[8]
KMH12: Milk tooth (m?-r)[8]
KMH13: Milk tooth germ (m1-l)[8]
KMH14: Tooth (M2-l)[8]
KMH15: Milk tooth (m1-r)[8]
KMH16: Milk tooth (left i1)[8]
KMH17: Clavicle fragment[8]
(KMH18: Mandibular fragment with tooth [M2-r])[8]
(KMH19: Fragmentary tooth crown [M?-r])[8]
(KMH20: Parietal bone fragment)[8]
(KMH21: Germ of tooth [M1-l])[8]
(KMH22: Milk tooth [upper c-l])[8]
(KMH23: Milk tooth [i2-r])[8]
KMH24: Tooth (M3-l)[8]
(KMH25: 3 milk teeth germs [upper c-l, m1, m2])[8]
(KMH26: Tooth germ [i2-r])[8]
KMH27: Tooth (I2)[10][10]
KMH28: Tooth (I2)[10][10]
(KMH29: Milk tooth [i2-l])[8]
KMH30: Milk tooth (m1)[8][10]
(KMH31: Tooth [lower c])[10]

 21 + (10) 64-59[11][12] KMH1: Smith et al. (1977)[13]

KMH2: Arensburg et al. (1985)[14]
KMH5-17, 24-31 : Tillier et al. (2003) [8]

Neanderthal attribution uncertain in KMH18-23, 25, 29, and 31[8][10]
West Bank (Mandatory Palestine) Shuqba S-D1: Tooth and cranial frags.[6] 1 — Keith (1931)[15]
Israel (Mandatory Palestine) Tabun T C1: Nearly complete adult ♀

T C2: Toothed mandible missing I1 (♂)

Various fragments

T E1: Right femur shaft (♂?)
T E2: Tooth (M1 or M2, ♀?)
T C3: Right femur shaft (♀)
T C4: Distal right radius frag. (♀)
T C5: Right hamate bone
T C6: Right pisiform bone
T C7: Distal thumb phalanx
T B1: 10-11 year-old maxilla (♂?) with I2-r, M2-r
T BC2: Four teeth
(I2-l, M1-l, P3-r, M1-r)
T B3: One tooth (I2-r)
T B4: Four teeth
(I1-l, I2-l, M1-l, M3-r)
T B5: Two teeth (M2-l, M2-r)
T BC6: Two teeth (I1-l, M2-l)

15 ≈170-90

[16][17][18]

McCown (1936)
McCown and Keith (1939) 		T C1: Neanderthal attribution is not universally accepted.[19]

As of 1975, the whereabouts of T BC2, B3, and BC6 are unknown.[6]: 146 

Israel Ein Qashish (EQH-2: Third molar)

EQH-3: Adult lower limbs

1 + (1)[20] 70-60[20] Been et al. (2017)[20] Discovered in 2013, these were the first diagnostically Neanderthal remains in Southwest Asia not found in a cave.[20]

EQH-2: 70% posterior probability that Neanderthal attribution is correct.[20]

Israel Shovakh (Tooth, M(3)-l[21][Note 1]) (1) — S. Binford (1966)[22]


Trinkaus (1987)[21]

"[A]lthough within archaic and modern human ranges of variation, this complex occlusal morphology may suggest that it is more likely to have derived from a Neandertal than an early modern human". (Trinkaus 1987)[21]
Israel Amud A1: Adult full skeleton ♂

A2: Maxillary fragment

A7: 10-mo.-old partial skel.

3[Note 2][23] 61-53[23] A1: Suzuki et al. (1970)[24]

A7: Rak et al. (1994)[25]

Syria Dederiyeh D1: 19-30-month-old full skel.

D2: 21-30-month-old full skel.

17 — D1: Akazawa et al. (1993)[26]

D2: Akazawa et al. (1999) [27]

Iraq Shanidar S1: Adult partial skel. ♂

S2: Adult crushed skel. ♂
S3: Post-cranial adult ♂
S4: Adult partial skel. (♂)
S5: Adult partial skel. (♂)
S6: Adult partial skel. (♀)
S7: 6-9-mo.-old crushed skel.
S8: Adult skeletal fragments (♀)
S9: 6-12-month-old vertebrae
S10: 17-25-month-old skel.

10 S2, S4: > 100

Others: 60

S1: Stewart (1959)[28]

S2: Stewart (1961)[29]
S3: Solecki (1960)[30]
S4: Stewart (1963)[31]
S5: Trinkaus (1977)[32]
Pomeroy et al. (2017)[33] S6: Same as S4
S7: Senyürek (1957)[34][35]
S8: Same as S4
S9: ?
S10: Cowgill et al. (2007)[36]

 Shanidar 2 and 4 are sometimes not treated as Neanderthals.

All but Shanidar 3 and 10 (and fragments of 5 excavated in 2015-2016)[33] may have been destroyed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[37]

Iran Bawa Yawan Lower left deciduous canine 1 ~43,600-~41,500 years ago[38] Heydari-Guran et al (2021)[38]
Iran Wezmeh maxillary right premolar tooth 1 70-40[39] Zanolli et al. (2019)[39]
Iran Bisitun Adult radius shaft 1 — Trinkaus and Biglari (2006)[40]
Total 71 + (13)
  1. ^ M?-r according to S. Binford (1966)[22].
  2. ^ Valladas, Mercier, and Froget (1999) write that "[o]f the remains of 18 individuals recovered at the Amud Cave, 15 were derived from unambiguous Middle Palaeolithic contexts, all of them located in the northern area of the excavation (Hovers et al., 1995). The stratigraphic distribution of these remains encompasses the layers B1 and B2, with only a single specimen derived from layer B4 (Sakura, 1970). Three individuals bear diagnostic characteristics which define them as Neanderthals. Amud I, the skeleton of an adult male was found at the top of layer B1, while the partial skeleton of the baby Amud 7 (Rak, Kimbet & Hovers, 1994) was recovered from the top of layer B2, just under the contact with the base of layer B1. Amud II, represented by a fragment of the right maxilla, was excavated from layer B2."
  1. ^ M. Şenyürek (1949). "Türk Tarih Kurumu Adına Yapılan Karain Kazısında Bulunan İki Fosil Dişe Dair Kısa Ön Rapor". Belleten (in Turkish). 52: 833–837. Cited in Aytek and Harvati (2016)
  2. ^ a b A.I. Aytek; K. Harvati (2016). "The Human Fossil Record from Turkey". In K. Harvati (ed.). Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human Evolution and its Context. Springer Netherlands.
  3. ^ I. Yalçınkaya (1988). "9. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı". 1986 Yılı Karain Kazıları (in Turkish). pp. 15–37. Cited in Aytek and Harvati (2016)
  4. ^ J.F. Ewing (1963). "A probable Neanderthaloid from Ksâr 'Akil, Lebanon". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 21 (2): 101–104. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210202. PMID 14110686.
  5. ^ J.K. Williams; C.A. Bergman (2010). "Upper Paleolithic Levels XIII-VI (A and B) from the 1937-1938 and 1947-1948 Boston College Excavations and the Levantine Aurignacian at Ksar Akil, Lebanon". Paléorient. 36 (2): 117–161. doi:10.3406/paleo.2010.5391.
  6. ^ a b c K.P. Oakley; B.G. Campbell; T.I. Molleson (1975). Catalogue of fossil hominids: Part III. Americas, Asia, Australasia. London: British Museum (Natural History).
  7. ^ S. El Zaatari (2018). "The central Levantine corridor: The Paleolithic of Lebanon". Quaternary International. 466: 1–15. Bibcode:2018QuInt.466...33E. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.047.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab A.-M. Tillier; B. Vandermeersch; B. Arensburg; M. Chech (2003). "New human remains from Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel). The place of the Kebara hominids in the Levantine Mousterian fossil record". Paléorient. 29 (2): 35–62. doi:10.3406/paleo.2003.4764.
  9. ^ i1-r, i1-l, m1-r, i2-r, lower c-r and c-l, m1-r, m1-l, m2-r, M1
  10. ^ a b c d e f g A. Le Cabec; P. Gunz; K. Kupczik; J. Braga; J.-J. Hublin (2013). "Anterior tooth root morphology and size in Neanderthals: Taxonomic and functional implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (3): 169–193. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.011. PMID 23266488.
  11. ^ H. Valladas; J.L. Joron; G. Valladas; B. Arensburg; O. Bar-Yosef; et al. (1987). "Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel". Nature. 330 (6144): 159–160. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..159V. doi:10.1038/330159a0. S2CID 4308952.
  12. ^ H.P. Schwarcz; W.M. Buhay; R. Grün; H. Valladas; E. Tchernov; O. Bar-Yosef; B. Vandermeersch (1989). "ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (6): 653–659. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90029-0.
  13. ^ P. Smith; B. Arensburg (1977). "A Mousterian skeleton from Kebara Cave". In B. Arensburg; O. Bar-yosef (eds.). Moshe Stekelis Memorial Volume. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society. pp. 164–176.
  14. ^ B. Arensburg; O. Bar-Yosef; M. Chech; P. Goldberg; H. Laville; L. Meignen; Y. Rak; E. Tchernov; A.-M. Tillier; B. Vandermeersch (1985). "Une sépulture néandertalienne dans la grotte de Kébara (Israël)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French) (300): 227–230.
  15. ^ A. Keith (1931). New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man. London: William and Norgate. pp. 204–208. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  16. ^ A. Jelinek. "The Middle Paleolithic in Southern Levant, with comments on the appearance of modern Homo sapiens". In A. Ronen (ed.). The transition from Lower to Middle Paleolithic and the origin of modern man.
  17. ^ R. Grün; C.B. Stringer (2000). "Tabun revisited: Revised ER chronology and new ESR and U-series analyses of dental material from Tabun C1". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (6): 601–612. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0443. PMID 11102271.
  18. ^ B. Vandermeersch. "Neanderthal Geographical and Chronological Variation". In S. Condemi; G.-C. Weniger (eds.). Continuity and Discontinuity in the Peopling of Europe: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study.
  19. ^ A.-M. Tillier (2005). "The Tabun C1 skeleton: A Levantine Neanderthal?". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society. 35: 439–450.
  20. ^ a b c d e E. Been; E. Hovers; R. Ekshtain; A. Malinski-Buller; N. Agha; A. Barash; D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer; S. Benazzi; J.-J. Hublin; L. Levin; et al. (2017). "The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant". Scientific Reports. 7 (2958): 2958. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.2958B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03025-z. PMC 5462778. PMID 28592838.Open access icon
  21. ^ a b c E. Trinkaus (1987). "The Upper Pleistocene Human Molar from Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet Esh-Shubbabiq), Israel". Paléorient. 13 (1): 95–100. doi:10.3406/paleo.1987.4419.
  22. ^ a b S. Binford (1966). "Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet esh-Shabbabiq)". Israel Exploration Journal. 16 (2): 96–103. JSTOR 27925048.
  23. ^ a b H. Valladas; N. Mercier; L. Froget (1999). "TL dates for the Neanderthal site of the Amud Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1006/jasc.1998.0334.
  24. ^ Suzuki, Hisashi; Takai, F. (1970). The Amud man and his cave site. Tokyo: Keigaku Publishing Co.
  25. ^ Y. Rak; W.H. Kimbel; E. Hovers (1994). "A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel". Journal of Human Evolution. 26 (4): 313–324. doi:10.1006/jhev.1994.1019.
  26. ^ T. Akazawa; Y. Dodo; S. Muhesen; A. Abdul-Salam; Y. Abe (1993). "The Neanderthal Remains from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria: Interim Report". Anthropological Science. 101 (4): 361–387. doi:10.1537/ase.101.361.
  27. ^ T. Akazawa; S. Muhesen; H. Ishida; O. Kondo; C. Griggo (1999). "New Discovery of a Neanderthal Child Burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria". Paléorient. 25 (2): 129–142. doi:10.3406/paleo.1999.4691.
  28. ^ T.D. Stewart (1959). "Restoration and study of the Shanidar I Neanderthal skeleton in Baghdad, Iraq". Year Book of the American Philosophical Society for 1958: 274–278.
  29. ^ T.D. Stewart (1961). "The Skull of Shanidar II". Sumer. 17: 97–106.
  30. ^ R.S. Solecki (1960). "Three adult Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1959: 603–635.
  31. ^ T.D. Stewart (1963). "Shanidar skeletons IV and VI". Sumer. 19: 8–26.
  32. ^ E. Trinkaus (1977). "The Shanidar 5 Neanderthal skeleton". Sumer. 33: 35–41.
  33. ^ a b E. Pomeroy; M.M. Lahr; F. Crivellaro; L. Farr; T. Reynolds; C.O. Hunt; G. Barker (2017). "Newly discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 111: 102–118. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.07.001. PMID 28874265.
  34. ^ M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "The skeleton of the fossil infant found in Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Anatolia. 2: 49–55.
  35. ^ M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "A further note on the paleolithic Shanidar infant". Anatolia. 2: 111–121.
  36. ^ L.W. Cowgill; E. Trinkaus; M.A. Zeder (2007). "Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 53 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.003. PMID 17574652.
  37. ^ B. Wood, ed. (2013). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-65099-8.[page needed]
  38. ^ a b Heydari-Guran Saman; Benazzi Stefano; Talamo Sahra; Ghasidian Elham; Hariri Nemat; Oxilia Gregorio; Asiabani Samran; Azizi Faramarz; Naderi Rahmat; Safaierad Reza; Hublin Jean-Jacques; Foley Robert A.; Lahr Marta M. (2021). "The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West- Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): 1-24. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253708. PMID 34437543.
  39. ^ a b Zanolli Clément; Biglari Fereidoun; Mashkour Marjan; Abdi Kamyar; Monchot Herve; Debue Karyne; Mazurier Arnaud; Bayle Priscilla; Le Luyer Mona; Rougier Hélène; Trinkaus Erik; Macchiarelli Roberto (2019). "Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar". Journal of Human Evolution. 135: 102643. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643. PMID 31421316. S2CID 201057857.
  40. ^ E. Trinkaus; F. Biglari (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192.
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