Fluorine, 9F
Small sample of pale yellow liquid fluorine condensed in liquid nitrogen
Liquid fluorine (F2 at extremely low temperature)
Fluorine
Pronunciation
Allotropesalpha, beta (see Allotropes of fluorine)
Appearancegas: very pale yellow
liquid: bright yellow
solid: alpha is opaque, beta is transparent
Standard atomic weight Ar°(F)
Fluorine in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson


F

Cl
oxygenfluorineneon
Atomic number (Z)9
Groupgroup 17 (halogens)
Periodperiod 2
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p5[3]
Electrons per shell2, 7
Physical properties
Phase at STPgas
Melting point(F2) 53.48 K ​(−219.67 °C, ​−363.41 °F)[4]
Boiling point(F2) 85.03 K ​(−188.11 °C, ​−306.60 °F)[4]
Density (at STP)1.696 g/L[5]
when liquid (at b.p.)1.505 g/cm3[6]
Triple point53.48 K, ​.252 kPa[7]
Critical point144.41 K, 5.1724 MPa[4]
Heat of vaporization6.51 kJ/mol[5]
Molar heat capacityCp: 31 J/(mol·K)[6] (at 21.1 °C)
Cv: 23 J/(mol·K)[6] (at 21.1 °C)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 38 44 50 58 69 85
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −1
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 3.98[3]
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1681 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 3374 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 6147 kJ/mol
  • (more)[8]
Covalent radius64 pm[9]
Van der Waals radius135 pm[10]
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of fluorine
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurecubic
Cubic crystal structure for fluorine
Thermal conductivity0.02591 W/(m⋅K)[11]
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic (−1.2×10−4)[12][13]
CAS Number7782-41-4[3]
History
Namingafter the mineral fluorite, itself named after Latin fluo (to flow, in smelting)
DiscoveryAndré-Marie Ampère (1810)
First isolationHenri Moissan[3] (June 26, 1886)
Named by
Isotopes of fluorine
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
18F trace 109.734 min β+ 18O
19F 100% stable
 Category: Fluorine
| references
F · Fluorine
O ←

ibox O

iso
9
F  [e]
IB-F [e]
IBisos [e]
→ Ne

ibox Ne

indexes by PT (page)
child table, as reused in {IB-F}
Main isotopes of fluorine
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
18F trace 109.734 min β+ 18O
19F 100% stable
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (46) · (this table: )

References

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Fluorine". CIAAW. 2021.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b c d Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 381.
  4. ^ a b c Haynes 2011, p. 4.121.
  5. ^ a b Jaccaud et al. 2000, p. 382.
  6. ^ a b c Compressed Gas Association 1999, p. 365.
  7. ^ "Triple Point | The Elements Handbook at KnowledgeDoor". KnowledgeDoor.
  8. ^ Dean 1999, p. 4.6.
  9. ^ Dean 1999, p. 4.35.
  10. ^ Matsui 2006, p. 257.
  11. ^ Yaws & Braker 2001, p. 385.
  12. ^ Mackay, Mackay & Henderson 2002, p. 72.
  13. ^ Cheng et al. 1999.
  14. ^ a b Chisté & Bé 2011.

One of these is a named reference. It may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CIAAW2013" /> for the source Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (from subtemplates used by {{Infobox element}})

The others are shortened footnotes created with {{sfn}}. In the Fluorine article they are hyperlinked to sources in the list at Fluorine#Indexed references.

Sources
  • Cheng, H.; Fowler, D. E.; Henderson, P. B.; Hobbs, J. P.; Pascolini, M. R. (1999). "On the Magnetic Susceptibility of Fluorine". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 103 (15): 2861–2866. Bibcode:1999JPCA..103.2861C. doi:10.1021/jp9844720.
  • Chisté, V.; Bé, M. M. (2011). "F-18" (PDF). In Bé, M. M.; Coursol, N.; Duchemin, B.; Lagoutine, F.; et al. (eds.). Table de radionucléides (Report). CEA (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives), LIST, LNE-LNHB (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique). Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  • Compressed Gas Association (1999). Handbook of Compressed Gases (4th ed.). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-412-78230-5.
  • Dean, John A. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-016190-9.
  • Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-5511-9.
  • Jaccaud, M.; Faron, R.; Devilliers, D.; Romano, R. (2000). "Fluorine". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 381–395. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_293. ISBN 3527306730.
  • Mackay, Kenneth Malcolm; Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002). Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-7487-6420-8.
  • Matsui, M. (2006). "Fluorine-containing Dyes". In Kim, Sung-Hoon (ed.). Functional dyes. Orlando: Academic Press. pp. 257–266. ISBN 978-0-12-412490-5.
  • Yaws, Carl L.; Braker, William (2001). "Fluorine". Matheson Gas Data Book (7th ed.). Parsippany: Matheson Tri-Gas. ISBN 978-0-07-135854-5.