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Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (INN) (commonly sestamibi; USP: technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; trade name Cardiolite) is a pharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine imaging. The drug is a coordination complex consisting of the radioisotope technetium-99m bound to six (sesta=6) methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) ligands. The anion is not defined. The generic drug became available late September 2008. A scan of a patient using MIBI is commonly known as a "MIBI scan".
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| Trade names | Cardiolite |
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| Routes of administration | Intravenous |
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| Bioavailability | NA |
| Protein binding | 1% |
| Metabolism | Nil |
| Elimination half-life | Variable |
| Excretion | Fecal (33%) and renal (27%) |
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| Formula | C36H66N6O6Tc |
| Molar mass | 777 g·mol−1 |
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Sestamibi is taken up by tissues with large numbers of mitochondria and negative plasma membrane potentials.[1] Sestamibi is mainly used to image the myocardium (heart muscle). It is also used in the work-up of primary hyperparathyroidism to identify parathyroid adenomas, for radioguided surgery of the parathyroid and in the work-up of possible breast cancer.
Cardiac imaging (MIBI scan)
editA MIBI scan or sestamibi scan is now a common method of cardiac imaging. Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi is a lipophilic cation which, when injected intravenously into a patient, distributes in the myocardium proportionally to the myocardial blood flow. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of the heart is performed using a gamma camera to detect the gamma rays emitted by the technetium-99m as it decays.
Two sets of images are acquired. For one set, 99mTc MIBI is injected while the patient is at rest and then the myocardium is imaged. In the second set, the patient is stressed either by exercising on a treadmill or pharmacologically. The drug is injected at peak stress and then imaging is performed. The resulting two sets of images are compared with each other to distinguish ischemic from infarcted areas of the myocardium. This imaging technique has a sensitivity of around 90%.[2] Resting images are useful only for detecting tissue damage, while stress images will also provide evidence of coronary artery (ischemia) disease.[3][4]
With dipyridamole (Persantine MIBI scan)
editWhen combined with the drug dipyridamole, a brand name of which is Persantine, a MIBI scan is often referred to as a Persantine MIBI scan.
Parathyroid imaging
editIn primary hyperparathyroidism, one or more of the four parathyroid glands either develops a benign tumor called an adenoma or undergoes hyperplasia as a result of homeostatic dysregulation. The parathyroid gland takes up 99mTc MIBI following an intravenous injection, and the patient's neck is imaged with a gamma camera to show the location of all glands. A second image is obtained after a washout time (approximately 2 hours), and mitochondria in the oxyphil cells of the abnormal glands retaining the 99mTc are seen with the gamma camera. This imaging method will detect 75 to 90 percent of abnormal parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism. An endocrine surgeon can then perform a focused parathyroidectomy (less invasive than traditional surgery) to remove the abnormal gland.
Radioguided surgery of the parathyroids
editFollowing administration, 99mTc MIBI collects in overactive parathyroid glands. During surgery, the surgeon can use a probe sensitive to gamma rays to locate the overactive parathyroid before removing it.[5]
Thyroid imaging
editSeveral case reports have demonstrated that 99mTc MIBI scan may be useful to differentiate the sub-type of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Lack of MIBI uptake in the thyroid is compatible with a form of thyroiditis (type-2 AIT) which may respond to treatment with steroids.[6]
Breast imaging
editThe drug is also used in the evaluation of breast nodules. Malignant breast tissues concentrate 99mTc MIBI to a much greater extent and more frequently than benign disease. As such, limited characterization of breast anomalies is possible. Scintimammography has a high sensitivity and specificity for breast cancer, both more than 85%.[7]
More recently, breast radiologists administer lower doses of 99mTc sestamibi (approximately 150–300 MBq or 4–8 mCi) for Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) scans which results in a high sensitivity (91%) and high specificity (93%) for breast cancer detection.[8] It however carries a greater risk of causing cancer, making it not appropriate for general breast cancer screening in patients.[9]
The last reference listed[which?] refers to a 740-megabecquerel (20-millicurie) dose, which is given with the Dilon single-head system, which requires a higher dose since only one camera is utilized (meaning the camera needs to be able to see through more tissue). A 150–300 MBq (4–8 mCi) dose, which is used in the other two commercially available MBI systems is essentially equivalent to a mammogram (150 MBq or 4 mCi) or a tomosynthesis exam (300 MBq or 8 mCi).[10]
In order to keep the radiation doses to patients as low as reasonably achievable, MBI is usually limited to women with dense breast tissue, where the medical benefit of the scan outweighs the potential risk of radiation exposure. For the same reason, the administered activity is kept low. This can potentially result in noisy images, which in turn causes inconclusive mammograms. Researchers continue to devote their time to improving the technology, changing scan parameters, and reducing dose to patients.[11]
References
edit- ^ Rizk TH, Nagalli S (5 July 2020). "Technetium (99mTc) Sestamibi". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31985941.
- ^ Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. (February 2004). "Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 31 (2): 261–291. doi:10.1007/s00259-003-1344-5. PMC 2562441. PMID 15129710.
- ^ Gorlin R, Brachfeld N, Macleod C, Bopp P (May 1959). "Effect of nitroglycerin on the coronary circulation in patients with coronary artery disease or increased left ventricular work". Circulation. 19 (5): 705–718. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.19.5.705. PMID 13652363.
- ^ Ignatavicius DD (2015). "Assessment of the Cardiovascular System". In Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML (eds.). Medical-surgical Nursing: Patient-centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 646. ISBN 9781455772551.
- ^ Untch BR, Barfield ME, Bason J, Olson JA (December 2007). "Minimally invasive radio-guided surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 14 (12): 3401–3402. doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9519-0. PMID 17899291. S2CID 11371876.
- ^ Itzkovich D, Ben-Haim S, Godefroy J, Stokar J (2023). "99mTc MIBI Scintigraphy for Classification of Amiodarone-induced Thyrotoxicosis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Case Reports. 1 (1): luac011. doi:10.1210/jcemcr/luac011. PMC 10578384. PMID 37908259. S2CID 254358222.
- ^ Liberman M, Sampalis F, Mulder DS, Sampalis JS (July 2003). "Breast cancer diagnosis by scintimammography: a meta-analysis and review of the literature". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 80 (1): 115–126. doi:10.1023/A:1024417331304. PMID 12889605. S2CID 10769269.
- ^ Rhodes DJ, Hruska CB, Phillips SW, Whaley DH, O'Connor MK (January 2011). "Dedicated dual-head gamma imaging for breast cancer screening in women with mammographically dense breasts". Radiology. 258 (1): 106–118. doi:10.1148/radiol.10100625. PMID 21045179. S2CID 34145938.
- ^ Moadel RM (May 2011). "Breast cancer imaging devices". Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 41 (3): 229–241. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.12.005. PMID 21440698.
- ^ O'Connor MK, Li H, Rhodes DJ, Hruska CB, Clancy CB, Vetter RJ (December 2010). "Comparison of radiation exposure and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from mammography and molecular imaging of the breast". Medical Physics. 37 (12): 6187–6198. Bibcode:2010MedPh..37.6187O. doi:10.1118/1.3512759. PMC 2997811. PMID 21302775.
- ^ O'Connor MK, Hruska CB, Weinmann A, Manduca A, Rhodes DJ (2010). "Development of radiation dose reduction techniques for cadmium zinc telluride detectors in molecular breast imaging". In Doty FP, Barber HB, Roehrig H, Schirato RC (eds.). Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications XI. Vol. 7806. Proc SPIE. pp. 7–21. doi:10.1117/12.864649. S2CID 121649895. Retrieved 10 December 2013.