The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 (TGA, Pub. L. 73–482) is a United States federal law that provides for the regulation of grazing on the public lands (excluding Alaska) to improve rangeland conditions and regulate their use.[1]
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| Long title | An Act to stop injury to the public grazing lands by preventing overgrazing and soil deterioration, to provide for their orderly use, improvement, and development, to stabilize the livestock industry dependent upon the public range, and for other purposes. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Grazing Act of 1934 |
| Enacted by | the 73rd United States Congress |
| Effective | June 28, 1934 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 73-482 |
| Statutes at Large | 48 Stat. 1269 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 43 U.S.C.: Public Lands |
| U.S.C. sections created | 43 U.S.C. ch. 8A § 315 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
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The law initially permitted 80 million acres (32 million hectares) of previously unreserved public lands of the United States to be placed into grazing districts to be administered by the Department of the Interior. As amended, the law now sets no limit on the amount of lands in grazing districts. Currently, there are approximately 162 million acres (66 million ha) inside grazing allotments.
These can be vacant, unappropriated, and unreserved land from public lands, all except for Alaska, national forests, parks, monuments, Indian reservations, railroad grant lands, and revested Coos Bay Wagon Road grant lands. Surrounding land owners may be granted right of passage over these districts. Permits are given for grazing privileges in the districts. Also permits can be given to build fences, reservoirs, and other improvements.
The permittees are required to pay a fee, and the permit cannot exceed ten years but is renewable. Permits can be revoked because of severe drought or other natural disasters that deplete grazing lands.
History edit
During the administration of President Herbert Hoover, it became clear that federal regulation of public land use was needed to address the root causes of the Dust Bowl.[2] Since vast portions were used for livestock grazing, the importance of range management loomed large.
The advocacy of John Francis Deeds, Chief of the Agricultural Division of the Geological Survey and Deputy Director of the Department's Grazing Division, was influential in bringing about the benefits of the Taylor Grazing Act.
Congressman Don B. Colton of Utah introduced a bill to create grazing districts, but the bill failed to pass the US Senate.[3] In 1933, Edward T. Taylor, a Representative from Colorado, reintroduced the Colton bill as the Taylor bill. This bill set up the grazing bureau, or service in the Department of Interior, to administer the range lands.[4] The Grazing Service was merged with the United States General Land Office in 1946 to form the Bureau of Land Management.
Case studies by Phillip O. Foss on the role of local grazing advisory committees established by the Taylor Grazing Act in regulating the grazing of livestock on federal public lands found that such committees were often dominated by the same ranchers and cattlemen whose activities were supposed to be regulated,[5][6][7] indicating that grazing regulation had been "captured" by the regulated interests.
A 2022 study found the law, which demarcated property rights, led to greater land productivity in large grazing districts in the Western US.[8]
Amendments to 1934 Act edit
U.S. Congressional amendments to the Grazing Act of 1934.
| Date of Enactment | Public Law Number | U.S. Statute Citation | U.S. Legislative Bill | U.S. Presidential Administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| June 26, 1936 | P.L. 74-827 | 49 Stat. 1976 | H.R. 10094 | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| May 28, 1954 | P.L. 83-375 | 68 Stat. 151 | H.R. 6186 | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ http://www.publiclandscouncil.org/CMDocs/PublicLandsCouncil/Taylor%20Grazing%20Act%20-%201934.pdf[permanent dead link] | 43 U.S. Code §§ 315-316o
- ^ "The Dust Bowl" (2016, February 18) Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/depwwii/dustbowl/
- ^ Peffer, E. Louise. The Closing of the Public Domain: Disposal and Reservation Policies, 1900-50 Stanford University Press, 1951, pp. 203-15.
- ^ Steen, Harold K. The United States Forest Service A History University of Washington Press, 1976, p. 205 ISBN 0-295-95523-6
- ^ Foss, Phillip O. The Grazing Fee Dilemma. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1960.
- ^ Foss, Phillip O. Politics and Grass. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.
- ^ Foss, Phillip O. The Battle of Soldier Creek. University, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1961.
- ^ Bühler, Mathias (2022). "On the other side of the fence: Property rights and productivity in the United States". Journal of the European Economic Association. doi:10.1093/jeea/jvac029. ISSN 1542-4766.
Further reading edit
- Foss, Phillip O. Politics and Grass (U of Washington Press, 1960).
- Hurlburt, Virgil. "The Taylor grazing act." Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics 2#2 (1935): 203-206. onlline at HeinOnline.
- Lowitt, Richard. The New Deal and the West (1984) pp 64–72. online
- Musgrave, Ruth S. et al. (1998) Taylor Grazing Act, Chapter 4: Statute Summaries, Federal Wildlife and Related Laws Handbook, Rockville, Md.: Government Institutes, ISBN 086587557X
- Ross, Joseph VH. "Managing the public range-lands: 50 years since the Taylor Grazing Act." Rangelands Archives 6.4 (1984): 147-151. online
- Stout Jr, Joe A. "Cattlemen, Conservationists and the Taylor Grazing Act." New Mexico Historical Review 45.4 (1970): 3+ online.
- Welsh, Michael M. "Beyond Designed Capture: A Reanalysis of the Beginnings of Public Range Management, 1928–38." Social Science History 26.2 (2002): 347-391.
External links edit
- The Taylor Grazing Act, Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the Interior
- 43 USC § 315 & 43 USC § 316, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School
- Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt: "Veto of Amendments to the Taylor Grazing Act.," September 5, 1935". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara. Retrieved 3 July 2016.