A tamagaki (玉垣) is a fence surrounding a Japanese Shinto shrine, a sacred area or an imperial palace.[1] Believed to have been initially just a brushwood barrier of trees, tamagaki have since been made of a variety of materials including wood, stone and—in recent years—concrete. Depending on the material and technique utilized, such fences have a variety of names:
- board fence (板玉垣, ita tamagaki) made of roughly finished thick boards,
- unbarked lumber fence (黒木の玉垣, kuroki no tamagaki) made of unpeeled or unstripped boards or logs,
- squared timber fence (角玉垣, kaku tamagaki),
- squared lattice fence (角格子玉垣, kakugōshi tamagaki) and diagonal lattice fence (筋違格子玉垣, sujikaigōshi tamagaki),
- vermillion fence (朱玉垣, shutamagaki),
- tatehigo tamagaki (竪籤玉垣) made of vertically set thin strips of bamboo or wood,
- see-through fence (透垣, sukashigaki)
The simple fences of ancient and medieval times became more elaborate in pre-modern Japan with the addition of roofs, wainscoting and grilles between posts. An example is the 1636 Tōzai Sukibei (東西透塀) around the main sanctuary of Nikkō Tōshō-gū.[1][2]
If the enclosed area is surrounded by multiple fences, generally the innermost one is called mizugaki (瑞垣 or 瑞籬). The inner sanctuary (内宮, naikū) of Ise Grand Shrine is surrounded by four fences. From outside to inside these are: itagaki (板垣), outer and inner tamagaki and mizugaki. At Ise these fences separate areas for worshipers of different status. All visitors are allowed to pass a gate through the outermost itagaki fence, while traditionally only members of the imperial family were allowed to pass through the second fence, the outer tamagaki. Today this privilege has been extended to elected representatives. Local mayors and members of assemblies worship at the inner eaves of the outer tamagaki, representatives of prefectural governments, officials of Ise Shrine and Living National Treasures[citation needed] stand halfway between the outer and inner tamagaki. The prime minister, members of both chambers of the diet, and other senior elected officials are allowed to the point just outside the gateway to the inner tamagaki. Entrance to the inner tamagaki is limited to members of the imperial family and only the emperor and the empress are generally allowed to enter through the innermost mizugaki fence.[nb 1][1][3][4]
The tamagaki and the traditional torii gate are sometimes replaced by a covered corridor called kairō and a rōmon gate. Originally Buddhist, neither was initially typical of shrines, but in time they often came to play the role of the more traditional tamagaki.[5] A famous example is Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū in Kyoto prefecture. This phenomenon was partly caused by the strong influence of Buddhism on kami worship due to the syncretic fusion of Buddhism and local religion (shinbutsu shūgō).
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ An exception is made for the crown prince and princess who, on the occasion of their marriage, can enter the area enclosed by the mizugaki.
References
edit- ^ a b c Nobutaka, Inōe (2005-06-02). "Tamagaki". Encyclopedia of Shinto (β1.3 ed.). Tokyo: Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ "tamagaki". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ "mizugaki". JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ Coaldrake, William Howard (2002) [1996]. Architecture and authority in Japan. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-415-05754-X. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. p. 31. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9.