Talk:President of Tunisia
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Untitled
editShould be redirected again with the infobox moved there too.
Election (translation draft --I'll translate it (talk) 11:19, 13 May 2011 (UTC))
editLatest election
edit| Candidates | Parties | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Constitutional Democratic Rally | 4,238,711 | 89.62 | |
| Mohamed Bouchiha | Popular Unity Party | 236,955 | 5.01 | |
| Ahmed Inoubli | Unionist Democratic Union | 179,726 | 3.80 | |
| Ahmed Brahim | Ettajdid Movement | 74,257 | 1.57 | |
| Valid votes | 4,729,649 | 99.84 | ||
| Blank or invalid votes | 7,718 | 0.16 | ||
| Total | 4,737,367 | 100.00 | ||
| Voter turnout | 89.45 | |||
| Electorate | 5,296,008 | |||
| Source: POGAR, (in French) Business News | ||||
Electoral history
edit| # | Name | Image | Born-Died | Term start | Term end | Political Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Habib Bourguiba |  |
1903-2000 | 25 July 1957 | 7 November 1987 | Neo Destour Party (1957-1964) Socialist Destourian Party (1964-1987) |
| 2 | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali |  |
1936- | 7 November 1987 | 14 January 2011 | Socialist Destourian Party (1987-1988) Constitutional Democratic Rally (1988-2011) |
| Mohamed Ghannouchi (acting) |  |
1941- | 14 January 2011 | 15 January 2011 | Constitutional Democratic Rally | |
| Fouad Mebazaa (acting) |  |
1933- | 15 January 2011 | Incumbent | Constitutional Democratic Rally (2011) Independent (2011-) |
The first presidential and legislative elections were held on November 8, 1959.[1]. Since then the two polls have always been held on the same day, always a Sunday[1].
The candidacy of Bourguiba, who benefited from his image as an independence fighter, was uncontested in the first poll. It remained that way through to the election of 1974, his share of the vote increasing each year, from 91% in 1959 to 99.85% in 1974[1]. It was not until September 10, 1974 that a candidate other than the incumbent president would apply to contest an election. Chedly Zouiten, president of the Tunisian Junior Economic Chamber, announced his run for president, however his own organisation condemned his decision[2] and his candidature was rejected by an ad hoc electoral commission[2]. The 1974 election would be the last poll for 20 years, as Bourguiba was proclaimed "president for life" in 1975.
Outgoing Tunisian Human Rights League president Moncef Marzouki applied to run against Ben Ali, in 1994, however he failed to gather enough signatures to be eligible. He was later imprisoned[3] and had his passport cancelled[4]. It was only after the passing of constitutional amendments and the relaxing of Article 40 of the constitution that non-incumbent candidates were able to contest elections in 1999, 2004 and 2009.
| Election | Candidate | Result | Political party |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 November 1959[1] | Habib Bourguiba | 91 % | Neo Destour |
| 8 November 1964[5] | Habib Bourguiba | 96 % | Socialist Destourian Party (PSD) |
| 2 November 1969[6] | Habib Bourguiba | 99.76 % | PSD |
| 3 November 1974[1][7] | Habib Bourguiba | 99.85 % | PSD |
| 2 April 1989[1] | Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | 99.27 % | Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) |
| 20 March 1994[3] | Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | 99.91 %[8] | RCD |
| 24 October 1999[1][9] | Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | 99.45 %[10] | RCD |
| Mohamed Belhaj Amor | 0.31 % | Party of People's Unity (PUP) | |
| Abderrahmane Tlili | 0.23 % | Unionist Democratic Union (UDU) | |
| 24 October 2004[11] | Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | 94.49 % | RCD |
| Mohamed Bouchiha | 3.78 % | PUP | |
| Mohamed Ali Halouani | 0.95 % | Movement Ettajdid | |
| Mounir Béji | 0.79 % | Social Liberal Party (PSL) | |
| 25 October 2009[12] | Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali | 89.62 % | RCD |
| Mohamed Bouchiha | 5.01 % | PUP | |
| Ahmed Inoubli | 3.80 % | UDU | |
| Ahmed Brahim | 1.57 % | Movement Ettajdid |
References
- ^ a b c d e f g (in French) Samir Gharbi, « Radiographie d’une élection », Jeune Afrique, 2 novembre 1999
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
realites1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Michel Camau et Vincent Geisser, Habib Bourguiba. La trace et l’héritage, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 241 ISBN 2845865066
- ^ (in French) Dominique Lagarde, « Pluralisme à la tunisienne », L’Express, 21 octobre 1999
- ^ (in French) Habib Bourguiba sur Le Grand Larousse Encyclopédique
- ^ Centre d’études nord africaines, Annuaire de l’Afrique du Nord, éd. Université du Michigan/Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1969, vol. 8, p. 389
- ^ Proclamé président à vie par la Chambre des députés le 18 mars 1975, cette mesure est annulée le 25 juillet 1988 (après son éviction).
- ^ (in French) Encarta avance le chiffre de 99,80 %.
- ^ (in English) Anthony H. Cordesman, A Tragedy of Arms. Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb, éd. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 250 ISBN 0275969363
- ^ (in French) Encarta avance le chiffre de 99,44 % et Le Canard enchaîné n°4581 (« Carthage de ses artères », 13 août 2008, p. 8) celui de 99,40 %.
- ^ (in French) Résultats de l’élection présidentielle de 2004 (Présidence de la République tunisienne)
- ^ (in French) Le président Ben Ali remporte l’élection présidentielle 2009 avec 89,62 % (Élections 2009)
Term in office (translation draft --I'll translate it (talk) 01:09, 14 May 2011 (UTC))
edit
Oath
editThe president-elect takes the following oath of office before a joint sitting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Councillors:
| “ | Je jure par Dieu Tout-puissant de sauvegarder l’indépendance de la patrie et l’intégrité de son territoire, de respecter la constitution du pays et sa législation et de veiller scrupuleusement sur les intérêts de la nation[1]. | ” |
| “ | I swear by Almighty God to safeguard the independence of the fatherland and its territorial integrity, to respect its constitution and to dutifully watch over its national interests. | ” |
Term limit
editThe president is elected by universal suffrage for a term of five years in a free, direct and secret ballot, requiring an absolute majority of votes to win[1]. There is no limit to the number of terms he or she can serve[1]. In the past, however, the president was limited to four consecutive terms by the 1959 constitution.
In 1974, after having served four terms, Habib Bourguiba declared that he wanted to become president for life. His wish approved by the Ninth Congress of the Socialist Destourian Party, held in September 1974, the parliament voted on March 18, 1975 to adopt constitutional amendment n°75-13 which modified paragraph 2 of Article 40 of the constitution. The parliament stated that the amendment was adopted:
| “ | à titre exceptionnel et en considération des services éminents rendus par le Combattant suprême Habib Bourguiba au peuple tunisien qu’il a libéré du joug du colonialisme et dont il a fait une nation moderne et jouissant de la plénitude de sa souveraineté[2]. | ” |
| “ | as an exception, and taking into consideration the distinguished service rendered by the Supreme Fighter Habib Bourguiba to the Tunisian people whom he liberated from the yoke of colonialism and of whom he formed a modern nation enjoying full sovereignty over itself. | ” |
Article 51 (currently Article 57) was also amended to state that the powers of the president were to be assumed by the prime minister in the case that the office was vacant[3]. In 1976, Prime Minister Hédi Nouira changed paragraph 3 of Article 39 of the constitution — which was not repealed by the 1975 vote, only suspended — to state that the president's term was unlimited.
When Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali became president, he promised to restore power to the country's institutions, in line with "the republican ideal"[4]. Articles 40 and 57 of the constitution were amended on July 25, 1988, limiting the number of terms of any given president to three. However, like Bourguiba, when Ben Ali was no longer eligible to hold office the constitution was changed. Under the May 26, 2002 amendment, a president was allowed unlimited terms and the maximum allowed age for a candidate was extended from 70 to 75 years[5]. A president's term was now limited only by his or her life expectancy[6]. The country's opposition criticized the move, likening it to a "burial for the republic"[7]. Activist Sadri Khiari called it a "putsch in disguise"[8].
References
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
art 38 à 57was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ (in French) Rafâa Ben Achour, « La succession de Bourguiba », Les figures du politique en Afrique. Des pouvoirs hérités aux pouvoirs élus, éd. Codesria/Karthala, Paris, 2000, p. 230
- ^ (in French) Élections présidentielles en Tunisie (Présidence de la République tunisienne)
- ^ (in French) Déclaration du 7 novembre 1987 (Tunisie Info)
- ^ Jean-Pierre Tuquoi, « En Tunisie, un référendum constitutionnel ouvre la voie à la réélection de M. Ben Ali », Le Monde, 16 mai 2002
- ^ (in French) Hamadi Redissi, « Qu’est-ce qu’une tyrannie élective ? », Jura Gentium, 2002
- ^ Sabine Lavorel, Les constitutions arabes et l’islam, éd. Presses de l’Université du Québec, Sainte-Foy, 2004 ISBN 2760513335
- ^ Florence Beaugé, « L’opposant Sadri Khiari qualifie de « putsch masqué » la réforme constitutionnelle en cours en Tunisie », Le Monde, 23 mai 2002
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