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"These last" seem confusing, do you mean only the Ainu on Hokkaido are vassals to the Japanese, or the Manchu as well? Although "vassal(s)" defines it, are the Nivkhs cooperating with both Japanese and Manchu imperials officials on Ainu land? Typically a Vassal state is subordinate to only one military hegemony, if more than one state, a struggle between the powers will decide the dominating foreign force, unless tribute is being paid to both, in this case, a (Tributary state). -Kain Nihil 03:39, 11 October 2007 (UTC)Reply

The point is that the Nivkhs did not generally have any direct interactions with the Japanese. Many Chinese and other continental products were first introduced to the Japanese via trade with the Ainus, who had acquired these goods through trade with the Nivkhs and other tributaries of the Manchus. The long history of mutual influence between the Nivkh and Ainu cultures is also fairly well documented in anthropological and archaeological studies.
"...these last via their vassals, the Ainu," refers to the fact that the Nivkhs were only involved in trade with the Japanese through the medium of the Ainu people, who did often have direct interactions with Japanese people. Ebizur 03:01, 16 October 2007 (UTC)Reply

Pronunciation

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How is Nivkh pronounced? Blaylockjam10 (talk) 06:32, 10 September 2013 (UTC)Reply

Pictures

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http://books.google.com/books?id=DDwLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q&f=false


http://books.google.com/books?id=hvBWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA594#v=onepage&q&f=false


http://books.google.com/books?id=Sv1PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Sv1PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=v-01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=v-01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=DDj6LRKRH9IC&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=DDj6LRKRH9IC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xMY9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xMY9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=n5M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=n5M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=lJA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=lJA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:

Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:24, 19 August 2021 (UTC)Reply