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Proposal for link/merger
editI propose a "See Also" link to Icarus imagery in contemporary popular music and possibly cut/pasting everything under "in popular culture" heading regarding music references, onto suggested page.
thefinmanTALK--Thefinman 19:46, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
I think it's best to avoid 'popular culture' sections of articles, especially when they are the biggest section there. I'd say, cull the imagery list so that only the the significant references survive, place that in the article temporarily and AfD the Icarus imagery in contemporary popular music article. CaveatLectorTalk 20:25, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
Popular culture section
editI am cutting the popular culture section and reposting it below. This section needs to be written so that it is not an indiscriminate list of information, and actually uses sources to discuss the influence that the Icarus story has had on the arts. CaveatLectorTalk 21:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
The section:
In popular culture
editSee Icarus imagery in contemporary films and television.
- In the U2 song "Even Better Than the Real Thing" Bono sings, "We're free to fly the crimson sky, the sun won't melt our wings tonight" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.55.11.52 (talk) 03:58, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
- A particular picture of Icarus is a symbol for the rock band, Led Zeppelin.
- Icarus is referred to in the Clutch song Droid from the self titled album. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.34.254.26 (talk) 02:05, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
- In the Adult Swim program, The Venture Bros., Brock Sampson gets a tattoo of Icarus in "showdown at Cremation Creek, Part 1"
- Icarus has also been referred to in much literature. For example Carol Ann Duffy's poem "Mrs Icarus" in her collection "The Worlds Wife".
- The title of the NES game, Kid Icarus is a reference to this story, and features a winged protagonist named Pit.
- Iron Maiden penned and performed "Flight of Icarus", placing it on their Piece of Mind album, the song is a homage of sorts to this tale.
- God of War 2 an insane and delusional version of Icarus is a boss Kratos fights.
- The spaceships in Danny Boyle's science-fiction film Sunshine (2007) are called Icarus I and Icarus II (since they fall into the sun to ignite it)
- Icarus and the story behind the melting of his wings is featured in the movie American History X.
- Black metal band Emperor have made a song called "An Elegy of Icarus" on their "IX: Equilibrium" album based on this story.
- The song "The Melting Point of Wax" by post-hardcore quartet Thrice directly references this story. The song can be found on their album The Artist in the Ambulance.
- The song "Blinded" by Third Eye Blind has a reference to Icarus.
- There is a song called "Icarus" by Jason Webley.
- There is another song called "Icarus" by the Swiss trance group Flutlicht.
- The satellite which Graves owns in "Die Another Day" is called Icarus.
- The song "A Romance By The Wings Of Icarus" by It Dies Today found in their album "Forever Scorned" has a reference to Icarus.
- In the Adult Swim online game "Floor It," during his flight through the air Rusty Cuyler says he feels like Icarus, soaring through the air on "wings of wax and hubris."
- Boards of Canada have a song entitled "Satellite Anthem Icarus" on their album "The Campfire Headphase." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.130.252.150 (talk) 23:13, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
- In the song "Lacrimosa" by Regina Spektor there is a reference to Icarus' fall.
- The Rock Band Kansas made a song called Icarus-Borne on Wings of Steel for their Masque Album in 1975
- The band It Dies Today has a song Titled " A Romance by the Wings of Icarus" on their EP Forever Scorned.
- In the manga and anime of Fullmetal Alchemist, Ed refers to Icarus as he tells Roze, "If you get too close to the sun, you burn."
- In the game Deus Ex, Icarus is a name of an AI that conjoins with Daedalus to form Helios.
- Cirque Du Soleil's Varekai is loosely based upon the myth.
- On the show Arrested Development Season 1 Buster says " Yes, I was flying, but a little to close to the sun".
- In the song "Worlds Apart" by Jars of Clay are the lyrics "soaring on the wings of selfish pride, I flew too high and like Icarus I collide, with a world I tried so hard to leave behind."
- There is a song called "Icarus" by Synthpop group Seabound.
- The song "No-One But You (Only The Good Die Young)" by the band Queen says "...Only the Good die young...They're only flying too close to the sun..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jalapinioplayer (talk • contribs) 15:42, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
- There is a song called "Икар" ("Icarus") by Ария (Aria) from 1986 album "С кем ты?" ("Who Are You With?").
- Steve Hackett recorded a song called "Icarus Ascending" featuring Ritchie Havens on his album "Please Don't Touch." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.193.8.221 (talk) 11:24, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
- There was a band called Icarus Burning which broke up in 2005. Stefan Abingdon and Dru Wakely from UK band The Midnight Beast were members of this band.—Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.25.38 (talk) 05:01, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
JosephJohnT (talk) 04:23, 25 April 2010 (UTC)*Artist Joseph John Trukovich painted a picture depicting the fall of Icarus. April 2010. http://www.flickr.com/photos/josephtrukovich/4549973180/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by JosephJohnT (talk • contribs) 04:23, 25 April 2010
Just to mention - project Icarus is an operation in a video game "Mirror´s Edge"
http://mirrorsedge.wikia.com/wiki/Project_Icarus
I'm fairly convinced the song "Bird dreams of Olympus Mons" by seminal 80s rock band "The Pixies" is at least an impressionistic take on the Icarus legend, even if its only loosely. However I can't find a reference to it on the net :( Does anyone have any verification for or against this contention ? 124.178.179.96 (talk) 06:56, 3 May 2008 (UTC) -- Oh yeah, note Olympus mons is on *mars*, so when I say its an 'impressionistic take' I mean it. 124.178.179.96 (talk) 07:00, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
Others might not agree, but I think the fact that the popular culture section is longer than the rest of the article indicates it should be cut, and a rule should be imposed to prevent the section from growing too long. 211.28.214.233 (talk) 07:31, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
This is just an idea, but Icarus is also alluded to in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. On page 113 of the 50th anniversery edition, Beatty tells Montag "Well," said Beatty, "now you did it. Old Montag wanted to fly near the sun and now that he's burnt his damn wings, he wonders why. Didn't I hint enough when I sent the Hound around your place?"Lemonhead112 (talk) 19:29, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
Removed from article
editI removed the bit below from the References section because I couldn't see the relevance to the article (at least, as a reference)
- Adam Guettel, song, "Icarus", from Saturn Returns (recorded as Myths and Hymns)
Statue of Icarus
edit- There is a large statue of Icarus in the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.96.65.83 (talk) 20:17, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
Edit requests
editI think it should be noted that Bobby Jindal's behavior closely resembles that of Icarus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.33.32.180 (talk) 18:18, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
Satirical is spelled incorrectly in the article - please correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.135.35 (talk) 21:36, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
I propose adding a reference in Modern Music table: Artist: "Michael Jeffery", Title: "Farewell Icarus", Date: "2003", Album/Notes: "Farewell Icarus (song), copyright: 2003, Registration Number: SR000533096". Verifiable at www.copyright.gov —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mjeffery12 (talk • contribs) 17:45, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
- Not done Sorry, but you don't have an article yet on WP. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ(talk) 22:27, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
I propose adding a reference in modern music section: Artist: "The Forms", Title: "Icarus", Date: "2003", Album/Notes: "Icarus (album)", and linking it here JayEmerald (talk) 07:58, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
I propose changing the link in the modern music section: Artist: "The Forms" to [1] JayEmerald (talk) 06:21, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
Progressive Metal band Textures (band) reference Icarus in the track Laments of an Icarus on their album Silhouettes (album) 220.253.6.136 (talk) 05:08, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
I propose an addition to the musical references table: Counting Crows' song "Insignificant" (from the 2008 album Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings) has the line "I am one in a million; I am Icarus falling out of the sun" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.19.45 (talk • contribs)
Daedalus et Icarus - original Latin text by Ovid (text starts about halfway down the page) - dead link —Preceding unsigned comment added by B0gger (talk • contribs) 09:26, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
- Not done No longer an issue? Plastikspork ―Œ(talk) 15:12, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
I propose an addition to the musical references table: Counting Crows' song "Hanging Tree" (from the 2008 album Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings) has a reference to Icarus. This is in fact mentioned in the song's Wikipedia page:
As with the tracks "Sundays" and "Insignificant", imagery pertaining to the Greek myth of Icarus appears in the song, specifically in the lyric: "I got a pair of wings for my birthday and I’ll fall down through the sun this evening."
Perhaps the table should just say that that album contains several references to Icarus, rather than listing each one seperately. Anneagain (talk) 06:40, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
I propose adding the following song to the modern music list: Artist: William Fitzsimmons, Song: The Problem of Pain, Album: Until When We Are Ghosts Year: 2005, Reference: "Icarus they caught you where you tumbled on. Encourage you to dive now the sun is gone".
The song "Sid Icarus" by Machinae Supremacy, featured on the album Overworld which was released in 2008, should be added to the list of song references in modern music. The song has lots of references to the Icarus legend, hence the name.
Artist: Alan Parsons Song: Too Close To The Sun Album: On Air Year: 1996 This song obviously is about Icarus even though it doesn't mention Icarus or Daedalus by name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Elhoward (talk • contribs) 04:20, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
- Not done Is there a specific reference? Plastikspork ―Œ(talk) 15:28, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
In the References in modern work section, Used as a reference in William Carlos Williams' 'Landscape with the Fall of Icarus'... should properly link to its, orphaned, wiki article Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem) -- Nonrational (talk) 19:35, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
Clew of string is a tautology. In the same sentence 'defeat the Minotaur and find his way out of the Labyrinth.'
Iron Maiden Song Satellite 15....The Final Frontier uses a reference to Icarus. THE FINAL FRONTIER is now confirmed for Monday 16th August. Reference to Icarus www.ironmaiden.com. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maiden66six (talk • contribs) 03:31, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
Edit request from TheMirroringShadow, 4 June 2010
edit{{editsemiprotected}}
I'd like to add another reference in the "reference in modern works" section.
I'd like this addition to be done somewhat similiar to this:
Artist: Diablo
Title: Icaros
Date: 2008
Album/Note: Icaros (album)
More information about this particular addition can be found on this wiki page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaros_(album)
I know the spelling of "Icarus" is different in this case, but I personally believe it suffices for a listing in that particular section.
Thank you for your time!
TheMirroringShadow (talk) 20:54, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Done seems fine to me. {{Sonia|ping|enlist}} 06:44, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
Spelling Error
editSo...I just realized that the second sentence of the first paragraph of the "Escape From Crete" section has a spelling error. It says: Daedalus, the superior craftsman, was exiled because he gave Minos' daughter, Ariadne, a clew." Who the heck spelled "Clue" wrong? Really? Did you never see Blues Clues?" Seriously, whoever edited that paragraph, I hope you realize that you indubitably need to go remember third grade, where you recieved "F"s in spelling and grammar, and cease from posting anything on Wikipedia ever again. People actually look at this site, and it doesn't benefit from idiots forgetting to use a simple spell check. Perhaps in the future you should do your word processing on Microsoft Word before uploading it to Wikipedia. The computer's spell-check could benefit you in ways that you couldn't even image. However, I suppose it's in your grammatical interest that you refrained from using a double negative.
- ...Wow. Thank you for feeling so strongly about the accuracy of Wikipedia; it's too often we get people who complain about it but don't try to fix it. However, your passion about this particular example is misguided; please see the note on the page. "Clew" means ball of yarn or string, and our word "clue" descends from it. Also, I quote you: "ways that you couldn't even image". Did you mean imagine? {{Sonia|ping|enlist}} 07:31, 18 June 2010 (UTC)
Problems with this article
editThe myth of Icarus has him flying too close to the sun so that the wax on his wings melt and he loses his feathers and then falls into the sea. This article suggests that he flies too close to the sea and that dampness causes the wax to soften. This is plain wrong. The true myth can be found in any book of greek mythology; or see Encyclopaedia Brittanica, or any other internet source etc. Hotbutteredmuffinpops (talk) 23:10, 2 January 2015 (UTC).
Most of the article is lists of its use in modern works. When the pop culture section is much longer than the rest of the article, it's the tail wagging the dog. I've deleted the Hindu parallels section as it doesn't have any reliable sources. Dougweller (talk) 19:43, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
- Apt use of the dog metaphor. I'd also note (as I said on another talk page) that there isn't much discussion of what the myth meant in Greek or Roman culture, how it relates to the Cretan cycle of myth as a whole, and so on. Two adverbs ("philosophically" and "analogically") bear almost the full weight of interpretation, without any examples. The culture-refs section is treated as a list, rather than presented as an integrated discussion of how and why the myth is depicted and reinterpreted in other periods. Certain myths go in and out of artistic fashion, and it's interesting to find scholarship that explains why, for instance, Prometheus was such a popular subject for Romanticism. Hope someone can adopt the article and beef it up. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:39, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
- Searching reveals a classically educated British administrator writing about Icarus and Jatayu. But this puts the causation the other way around (and Google Books is misleading; it was published in 1829 at the height of the Romantic craze for Sanskrit). It is dated and isolated. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:33, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
- Philosophical here means euhemerizing, and should be changed; I will bet there's a neo-Platonic allegory of Icarus too. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:13, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
Edit request from jjvarghese, 3 August 2010
editIn the modern music section, I would like the song Ikarus by the artist Unheilig added. The year of the song release is 2001.
See lyrics for relevance: http://www.lyricstime.com/unheilig-ikarus-lyrics.html
Thanks
- Done If there is a specific line you would like placed in the "notes" column just make another request. Thanks, Stickee (talk) 06:11, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
Edit request from 212.219.188.146, 22 October 2010
edit{{edit semi-protected}}
|-
|Joni Mitchell||Heijira|Amelia|| 1987 || "Like Icarus ascending, on wonderful, foolish arms"
|-
212.219.188.146 (talk) 14:21, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
- Done Thanks, Stickee (talk) 23:59, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
Comment moved from article
editI've removed the following comment by User:99.155.145.199 from article space: 'What is needed in the "Modern Music" section are references to Paul Winter's many variations on a very early song, "Icarus."' Haploidavey (talk) 22:29, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
Deleting "References in modern work" section
editIt is an embedded list, it is mostly unreferenced, it is mostly popular culture and trivia. Do we need this? The list could be made endless. Maybe a category is a better alternative? I'd rather see this section deleted. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 19:41, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- Well-reasoned, and heartily agreed. Haploidavey (talk) 19:52, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- Well reasoned? Hark! There is life on other planets! Were Wikipedia anything of the resource that the commentary here suggests it is, I would consider the recommendation for deletion-- at best-- a topic for debate; one side of an argument yet, nonetheless, poorly reasoned. References to models does not reasoning make. On the contrary, I believe basing the argument on the existence of an embedded list reeks of boredom. Subsequent commentary in support thereof suggests, perhaps, a disambiguation node may need authoring. Post-deletion, readers in search of the former content are likely to come upon an even more abhorrent Wikimedia resource in the list of elements of popular-music (never mind popular culture, of course). I admire the obvious sense of liberty here, yet ever disheartened by the results. And time is wasting. Jsabarese (talk) 15:21, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
- Um, could you repeat your point more clearly? I should confess that I don't object to so-called trivia lists (I think I'm in the minority on that), but prefer that they be independent list articles. I think it's very interesting to see how a myth continues to live: Allusions to Icarus in popular culture would be my preferred title. I have elsewhere satirized the term "cultural depictions," because no one can explain to what non-cultural depictions would be (Icarus's face appearing miraculously in kudzu?). To me the problem in the Icarus article is that it had become disproportionate — people kept endlessly adding to the list of allusions, but nobody was developing the body of the article. The information can be retrieved. Cynwolfe (talk) 16:25, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
- The first paragraph of the section, which has a footnote, shows how this sort of thing should be done: not a mere random list, but a look at how the myth works. This was contributed by Pmanderson. Cynwolfe (talk) 20:33, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
Cynwofle: good point, Gombrich is a good reference, but, as the article is now, this citation should probably be moved to the lead to confirm that Icarus is frequently used as a metaphor for "high-flying ambitions" (the obvious). I can see no point in keeping this list. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 20:50, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- PMA's edit is indeed useful. The rest (everything beneath the section tag) seems pointless. Haploidavey (talk) 21:15, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- Feeling bold, I simply reworked the article. It still need a lot of work. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 21:45, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- The lead should summarise the article content. Your stripped down version gives an overview but the original gave telling context and links. With equal boldness, I'll restore the full version in the main article, minus an appropriate heading. Haploidavey (talk) 22:00, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- I was doing something like that and had an edit conflict. Cynwolfe (talk) 22:03, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- That might have been me. Go ahead, I'll desist. Haploidavey (talk) 22:08, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
- Thanks both of you! The article still need a lot of work, but we can now at least see the contour of what it should be. --Fama Clamosa (talk) 22:19, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
i think there should be a list, i came to this pge looking for a list like you are talking about actually —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.28.185 (talk) 03:25, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
- What does anyone think about the validity of an article along the lines of the redlink above? Cynwolfe (talk) 14:13, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
- We have a list-ish Greek mythology in popular culture, with subheadings for particular deities. It's far from complete and there's next to no analysis - the whole "Popular culture" section of Hermes has just been redirected there. Hades is in the list and has an article. We could do the same here, yes? but I'm not at all sure where the chronological cut-off should be. Haploidavey (talk) 17:34, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
- A list of Greek mythology in popular culture strikes me as impossible — it's virtually infinite. Note the proliferating tags at the top of the article. If a figure has a substantial Nachleben, it should get its own article. I prefer articles that present the items in some kind of meaningful fashion, that is, how is it that a figure sparks renewed interest among writers or artists? Elsewhere, I've given the example of Persephone among the Pre-Raphaelites and poets such as Swinburne. Sometimes this will be sparked by new archaeology or mythography at the time. Sometimes art historians will compare versions. With Icarus you have the interrelation of Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem), and Musée des Beaux Arts (poem). I see the problem as a difference between subject matter and allusion. I mean, there's a difference between a sculpture called Icarus and a one-line mention of Icarus in a song lyric. Many of the items on the Icarus list are mere allusions; I wonder whether all the relevant items from the recently deleted list are represented in Icarus imagery in contemporary popular music, a spillway Wetman created back in 2007 and to which the Icarus article doesn't even link. Lists of allusions are OK by me, but in their own list article. I'll try to address this continuing problem in a small way by making sure that article is at least linked prominently. Cynwolfe (talk) 19:05, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
- We have a list-ish Greek mythology in popular culture, with subheadings for particular deities. It's far from complete and there's next to no analysis - the whole "Popular culture" section of Hermes has just been redirected there. Hades is in the list and has an article. We could do the same here, yes? but I'm not at all sure where the chronological cut-off should be. Haploidavey (talk) 17:34, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
- OK, looking at the deleted material here are my thoughts. The deleted table needs to be collated with Icarus imagery in contemporary popular music; I rather like the tabular form, but maybe others disagree? If not, this would then be a matter of pasting the table into the existing article, and then adding cells for the items already listed there. It would be nice if the table could be made sortable by artist (probably the default), song title, and date. I haven't done a sortable table before, and the task as a whole is rather daunting, but hey, let me give it a try and see whether I run screaming from the screen. For the remaining material on the deleted table, I would propose Allusions to Icarus in literature and Allusions to Icarus in film and television. There may be pop culture references in other media, however. So I'm more likely to make an attempt on the music list, which has a head start. To clarify, I'm advocating the word "allusions" for the lists, because reinterpretations of the Icarus myth — actual retellings, or paintings with Icarus as subject matter — should be dealt with more discursively as part of the continuing mythological tradition. Allusions ≠ trivia. I could be wrong. I mostly feel out of step on WP these days. Cynwolfe (talk) 19:40, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
- I moved the deleted table to Icarus imagery in contemporary popular music and incorporated most of the preexisting list. The items I didn't get to are posted on the talk page. I don't intend to do more, so someone else may want to take a look. Someday I might delve into the other Icarus list material, but not today. Cynwolfe (talk) 20:56, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
Jatayu
editTo reiterate or expand on the edit summaries, the issues with the Jatayu paragraph are:
- The paragraph cites no sources, neither the source of the Jatayu narrative (vaguely mentioning "Indian mythology"), nor a scholar who compares J. to Icarus. Without the latter, it's OR.
- It was plopped in the middle of the section "Classical tradition" (here's a book on what that means), which deals with the reception of the Icarus myth per se in later art and literature; when properly sourced, this comparative material needs to be placed in its own section called "Comparative mythology" or something like that.
Thanks for understanding that this is not an attempt to keep the material out, but to integrate it properly. Cynwolfe (talk) 11:49, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
A-KE-RO
editThe Linear B word for "Angelos" is A-KE-RO. Is there any relationship between A-KE-RO and the name Ikaros? Washi (talk) 18:41, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
Icarians related to the myth of Icarus?
editI can't find corroboration that The French utopian socialist group the Icarians derived their name from the myth of Icarus. The Icarians' founder Etienne Cabet wrote a novel about a "Voyage to Icaria," a place and social system founded by an idealistic visionary named Icar. I find no explicit tie to Icarus in the book. Actually, it might be seen as negative for anyone to associate Cabet's social system with the hubris that Icarus is often said to epitomize. But the association between the hero's name in Cabet's story and the Icarus myth seems so plausible. Anyone have insights?Grygiu (talk) 05:26, 16 November 2017 (UTC)
- The foreword of this edition of the Voyage posits the same query. It draws no useful conclusions either way; but it outlines the speculation. On balance (and imo) there seems no positive evidence that would justify the novel's inclusion in this article. Haploidavey (talk) 08:25, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
- Much obliged, Haploidavey. Also, I'll take to heart your 'tilde' self-ID mechanism, too, which you kindly shared elsewhere.
References on this page
editWiki Education assignment: HUM 202 - Introduction to Mythology
editThis article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 August 2022 and 9 December 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Springwater01 (article contribs). Peer reviewers: ThatOneYCStudent.
— Assignment last updated by WrittenasRae (talk) 01:11, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
candle wax or beeswax?
editArticle states wings were made of candle wax and two sentences later says the wings were made of beeswax. The article should just say "wax" instead of specifying a certain type of wax because it distracts from the point. 72.92.235.238 (talk) 21:45, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
- Candle wax was beeswax (expensive) or tallow, cheaper but smelly. The cited source, Ovid, actually says beeswax twice (and doesn't mention candles), so I have changed it to that. Johnbod (talk) 13:35, 15 July 2024 (UTC)