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There is an argument here over how you define "purpose built". HMS Furious and HMS Argus were both launched initially as Aircraft Carriers and did not serve as any other type of vessel. Furious was built to completion as a cruiser then changed but Argus was laid down as a liner and then built as an aircraft carrier.

There is also an argument over what we mean by first. Hermes was designed and finished before the Japanese vessel Hosho but was not commissioned for five years.