Talk:First Philippine Republic

Unang Republika Pilipinas

If I remember seeing the five-peso bill correctly, the text there (in Tagalog) refers to the First Philippine Republic as Unang Republika Pilipina, which I put up in the article, but was later reverted. Just wanting to check now if I can change it back. --Sky Harbor 19:22, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

I don't have an old 5-peso bill with me but you're probably correct. However, Unang Republika Pilipina sounds Spangalog (Spanish-Tagalog) for Primera Republica Filipina. I think Unang Republika ng Pilipinas is more grammatically correct. --Pula Bughaw 15:12, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

There's a picture of one in the Philippine peso bills article, but this was the text in the plaque issued by the National Historical Committee according to the five-peso bill (I have one myself):

REPUBLIKA PILIPINA, 1898-1901

Sa kumbentong ito itinatag ang Presidensiya ng Unang Republika Pilipina na pinanguluhan ni Kgg. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy at dito'y nanatili mula noong ika-10 ng Setyembre 1898 hanggang ika-29 ng Marso 1899.

It seems that the name could well become (sort of) a contention, although yes, Unang Republika ng Pilipinas is more gramatically correct. --Sky Harbor 14:30, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I just stumbled on this page; as regards the Unang Republika Pilipina, it might actually be grammatically correct back then as the Tagalog dialect probably didn't have any word for "Republic." Unang Republika ng Pilipinas is more grammatically correct as regards the Filipino language. I myself prefer the original Tagalog. --SunKing 14:18, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Pictures of the Malolos Congress

Hi! I have some reference material on the First Philippine Republic and the cast of characters. I just have to type it up and post it. Maybe this weekend. Pictures will be a little harder to come by though. I do know that the picture of the Malolos Congress that's posted is NOT the only picture of the event. I think I can get hold of a picture of Aguinaldo as he was arriving at the churchyard. --Pula Bughaw 15:12, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Good idea! You may remove the only picture that is in existence description if you can get a hold of more pictures. And maybe you can help on the other to-do's. -- Emir214 07:39, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Superfluous Ranks

Howard, I don't think we need to specify Gen. Trias was a general in his cabinet listing. As in the case of Aguinaldo, the rank of general is subordinate to that of his civilian position. For example, Baldomero Aguinaldo was also a general and in later cabinets, Basilio Valdes was a general and in the Quezon and Osmena war cabinets, but the generaliship is not relevant to the civilian office. Gareon 07:36, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Notice that I merely removed the "Gen." out of the [[ and ]] which made Mariano Trias red-linked. --Howard the Duck 09:46, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

there are lot of things we need to know about the First Republic because it started all in here where our first president make this law to protect our country and meet our freedom. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.60.209.70 (talk) 03:37, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Help on history

The infobox development is complete. Instead, you may help on the "History" section. - Emir214 08:57, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Capitals

Can somebody add the dates on the capitals. It will be assumed that all 4 were capitals at the same time. There had to be more historical capitals, like little towns when Aguinaldo's government was retreating. Also update those found at List of historical national capitals. --Howard the Duck 09:46, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Howard, I don't know if "General Aguinaldo slept here" makes a place a capital. It seems from what the books say that the government would have had to "officially" settle in a place to make that the provisional capital of the country.Gareon 12:55, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

While attending a quiz bee at UP, there was question on national capitals, and it had several unnotable towns (I remembered it was on Pangasinan). As long as Aguinaldo that the <place> was the capital city of the First Republic, that'll be enough proof. --Howard the Duck 13:45, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I consulted some sources. "1900-2000: The Philippine Century" by the Philippines Free Press has a chronology of the American conquest of the Philippines and a separate chronology of the defeat of the First Republic. Together with Agoncillo's "Malolos: Crisis of the Republic," where I've listed where Aguinaldo at least spent the night and didn't list places where he only rested for a few hours or not overnight. So here's a list of some places General Aguinaldo went:

March 29, 1899 Government evacuates Malolos and moves to San Isidro
May 9, 1899 San Jose, Nueva Ecija then to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija "then stayed for a while until it was forced to move to:
?, 1899 Bamban, Tarlac
? 1899 capital moved to San Fernando, Pampanga (but San Fernando was captured by the Americans on May 5, 1899; Agoncillo writes (p. 476, "the Filipino government had to change capital as the military situation demanded")
June 12, 1899 first anniversary of the Republic celebrated in Angeles City, Pampanga ( see http://www.geocities.com/balen_net/)
October 19, 1899 by this date, "Aguinaldo had transferred the capital of the Republic from Tarlac to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya"
November 13, 1899 Aguinaldo still at Bayombong (held a council of war)
November 14, 1899 Santa Barbara (Calasiao)
November 15, 1899 Manaoag
November 16 Pozorrubio
then escape through Rosario, then Famy, then Tubao
November 19, 1899 Naguilian
November 23, 1899 Tirad Pass
November 30, 1899 Angaki
December 2, 1899 Cervantes (Aguinaldo receives news of del Pilar's death at Tirad Pass)
December 3, 1899 Cayan settlement
December 4, 1899 Bontoc
December 7, 1899 Banane settlement
December 9, 1899 Talubin
December 25, 1899 Banane (after leaving womenfolk to be captured at Talubin, returns to Banane)
January ? 1900 Escaris, Isabela
February 1, 1900 still at Escaris (or Oscaris), Isabela
March 17, 1900 "Libuagan camp"
May 22, 1900 in Cagayan (again)
August 27, 1900 "leaves Tierra Virgen" for Palanan, Isabela
September 5, 1900 Dumasari
September 6, 1900 Arrives at Palanan, Isabela {"first Christian town they had entered since November 1899")
March 23, 1901 Aguinaldo captured at Palanan, Isabela

So this, at least, is our preliminary list of capitals for the First Republic. Gareon 16:48, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

That sure is a lot of capitals. --Howard the Duck 15:29, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for fixing the above! I hadn't learned about the use of the colon yet. It is plenty of capitals, indeed. And also, makes your list of Commonwealth capitals long, too. Gareon 15:47, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

MY COMMENTS REGARDING THE REPUBLIKA NG FILIPINAS MAP.

The green color of the map must not shed the whole map of the Philippine archipelago at that time, The Western portions of Mindanao are composed of an independent sultanate "THE SULTANATE OF SULU". thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.54.68.114 (talk) 07:10, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Hmmm... There is an article on Sultanate of Sulu, though a quick look at it didn't give me much understanding of either the territorial extent or the territorial development timeline. I don't know much about this area, but it may be relevant that Nu’ain Bin Abdulhaqq, an official of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), contends that celebrating June 12, 1898 (a date earlier than the December 10, 1898 signing date of the Treaty of Paris) as the date of Philippine independence provides the pretext for Moro independence.

• Nu’ain Bin Abdulhaqq (13 June 2006), COMMENTARY: June 12 and the Bangsamoro Nation, MindaNews, retrieved 2008-12.10 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) (see publisher's attribution, above footnotes)
• "At the juncture of Macapagal’s proclamation, the Philippines as a country was reverted to its delimitations provided for by the Maura Law of 1893 wherein it stated that the territorial jurisdiction of Las Islas Filipinas covered only Luzon and the Visayas. Therefore, the independent territories of the Bangsamoro people which were not colonized by Spain and respected by Aguinaldo were deemed excluded from the territorial jurisdiction of the Republica Filipina, i.e. Luzon and Visayas as of June 12, 1898. By all indications apparent to the shifting of independence day from July to June 12, the Philippines evidently reverted to its original territorial delimitation defined under the Royal Decree of February 26, 1886, the Maura Law of 1893, and the Royal Decree of July 15, 1896 which all affirmed the independence of the Moro territories from the Spanish-held territories of Luzon, Visayas and some Pacific islands.", Nu’ain Bin Abdulhaqq (June 11, 2006), June 12 further strengthens the position of the Moro Nation, wyzemoro.com, retrieved 2008-12-10.

Just making a drive-by comment in hopes that it'll spark improvements by others more informed about this than I. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:41, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

criticism section

Should there be a criticism section, if historical critism can be found from reliable source references? --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 12:47, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Discussion related to this article

There is a discussion related to this article in progress at Talk:Philippine–American War#First Philippine Republic: Insurgent?. Some editors of this article might want to contribute to that discussion. If the discussion grows much, it would probably make sense to continue it here rather than there. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 05:42, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Edits to the lead

I've made some edits final paragraph of the lead section.

The second sentence of the final paragraph was a run-on sentence reading as follows:

Independence was declared on June 12, 1898 and the dictatorial government then in place was replaced by a revolutionary government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president on June 12, 1898 with its preliminary statement proclaiming Luzon and Visayas as the Philippine Republic declaring its independence, and that Maguindanao-Mindanao and Sulu are independent sovereignty States and are allies.

There are several problems here, e.g., (1) the dictatorial government didn't come into existence until 18 June, (2) the revolutionary government didn't come into existence until 23 June, (3) the Philippine Declaration of Independence didn't proclaim a republic, (4) the republic didn't come into existence until January 22, 1899, when the Malolos Constitution was promulgated. I've rewritten that sentence and the one following into several separate sentences and cited supporting sources. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 06:51, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Removed some longstanding confusion

In this edit, I removed some longstanding text about the Philippine Declaration of Independence from the article from the Philippine-American War section because that declaration was made prior to the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, by or on behalf of a dictatorial government which had been proclaimed but not yet established at the time, before the Philippine-American War began; it declared independence from Spain, not the US. Assertions in the removed text re Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Sulu, if supportable, might be appropriate for other articles but their relevance here was unclear as presented. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:48, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Here, I've removed some more confusion. Miguel Malvar (not Macario Sakay) assumed the presidency of the insurgent Philippine Republic government after Aguinaldo was captured. The Tagalog Republic was separate, later, and different. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:03, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Republic of Biak-na-Bato and Sakay's Republic

I've removed the infobox indication that the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was a predecessor state, as it was not an immediate predecessor. This follows on these three edits I have recently made to that other article clarifying the duration of its existence and clarifying that the First Philippine Republic was not an immediate successor. For the same reason, I've also removed infobox indication that Tagalog Republic#Sakay's Republic was a successor state. Note "Do not list entities that were formed/dissolved outside the life-span of the discussed state." in the docs of {{infobox former country}}. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:10, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Cabinet

This unexplained and unsupported edit caught my eye. I think that I've reverted a similar edit previously. This time, I'm providing a talk page explanation for my reverting edit.

Article 73 of the 1899 Malolos Constitution says:

Artículo 73. El consejo de Gobierno se compone de un Presidente y siete Secretarios, que tendrán a su cargo las carteras de: Negocios extranjeros, Interior, Hacienda, Guerra y marina, Instrucción pública, Comunicaciones y Obras Públicas, Agricultura, Industrias y Comercio

The English translation says:

Article 73. The Council of Government is composed of one President and seven secretaries, each of whom shall have under his charge the portfolios of Foreign Relations, Interior, Finance, War and Marine, Public Education, Communications and Public Works, and Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce.

Based on this, I've reverted the change to "Minister of National Defense" back to the previous "Minister of War".

Please discuss any contemplated improvements re the cabinet department / governmental secretariat names rather than unilaterally changing the names in the article. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:22, 31 July 2016 (UTC)

(added) I have not made this change, but perhaps it might be more appropriate to wikilink the title of this department name to the Defence minister article rather than to the Department of National Defense (Philippines) article. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:31, 31 July 2016 (UTC)

Bold changes (2016-08-08)

In this edit, I've made some more WP:BOLD changes in the table giving the cabinet makeup, and I've cited two supporting sources. The two cited sources conflict somewhat, and I have noted that. I have also removed wikilinks which attempted to coerce the titles of cabinet departments of the First Republic into some sort of correspondence with titles of cabinet departments in the (present) Fifth Republic, replacing them where I could with more general wikilinks.

Also, recognizing that info in this table contradicts info in Malolos Congress#Council of Government (Cabinet) Members, I've added {{contradicts other}} tags to both articles, specifying this talk page subsection as the discussion venue. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:37, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

(added) {{contradicts other}} -> {{Contradict-other-multiple}} to add List of Cabinets of the Philippines#Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901) as a contradictory article. Updated templates in the other articles accordingly. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 07:07, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

I've found another source ([1]) which, even though it was not cited here, appears to be the source from which much of the info in this table was taken. I have added cites of that source to the table. I've also made some format changes.

Regarding the table style, it seems to flout WP:MOS#Appearance. I don't see any reason for that and, as I read this closed RFC, it is generally appropriate to follow the guidance in the MOS though deviations may be made where consensus for those deviations are arrived at on a group or project basis. Barring objection, I plan to remove the special styling from the table in favor of a more generic wikitable presentation similar to the following:

Office	Name and term
President of the Cabinet	Apolinario Mabini, January 2 - May 7, 1899
	Pedro Paterno, May 7 - November 13, 1899
Secretary of Foreign Affairs	Apolinario Mabini, October 1, 1898 - May 7, 1899
Secretary of the Interior	Teodoro Sandico, January 2 - May 7, 1899
Secretary of Finance	Mariano Trías, January 2 - May 7, 1899
	Hugo Ilagan, May 7 - November 13, 1899
	Severino de las Alas, May 7 - November 13, 1899
Secretary of War and Marine	Baldomero Villarin, July 15, 1898 - May 7, 1899
	Mariano Trías, May 7 - November 13, 1899
Secretary of Justice	Gregorio Araneta, September 2, 1898 - May 7, 1899
Secretary of Welfare	Gracio Gonzaga, January 2 - May 7, 1899
	Felipe Buencamino, May 7 - November 13, 1899
	Maximo Paterno, May 7 - November 13, 1899
Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce	Leon Maria Guerrero, May 7 - November 13, 1899

Objections? Comments? Discussion? Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 02:47, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

Comment: No objections with the format, although I think it would be better to separate the Term from the Name. Also, the table syntax is quite deprecated and doesn't use new lines for table cells. It would be better using CSS. Sanglahi86 (talk) 18:02, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback. I've been going slow on this hoping for some discussion, since the changes will eventually impact several articles. I guess re deprecated and re CSS that you refer to the inline styling and the bolding. I had removed that in a suggestion above but had been holding off on putting those changes into the article. I've just done that. It's now an untweaked wikitable. (see also WT:Tambayan Philippines#Table styles). Re Name and Term, AFAICS, the two go together in any table row. I put them together to make it clear that The cite applies to both. Leaving them separate and adding a Ref in both cells would mean more clutter. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 07:25, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

I've resolved the contradictions between articles by creating the {{Philippine cabinet}} template, including this cabinet information there, and transcluding that from the affected articles.

Post-Paterno cabinet(s)?

The discussion in the section above is still ongoing. Separately from that, I would like to ask if anyone has info or can point me to sources with info on post-Paterno cabinets in Aguinaldo's presidency.

The table which is the subject of the discussion in the section above asserts that the Paterno cabinet was in place until November 13, 1899 (when Aguinaldo began his retreat towards northern Luzon), citing this source in support. However, the second paragraph of this WP article section and the fourth paragraph here say essentially that the Paterno cabinet was only in place for a few days, contradicting this article and citing Golay, Frank H. (1997), Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898-1946, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 978-971-550-254-2 in support. That Golay source is not readable online, but I have a hardcopy. On page 50 it says that Paterno's cabinet was installed on 8 May, 1899 and, without giving exact dates, says that General Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet and returned Mabini and his cabinet to power in what would have been mid to late May, 1899. Golay cites this source in support, but the page number is unclear and I have not found further detail in there (it seems like it ought to have been on p.181 there).

So, info and/or pointers to sources of info on cabinet transitions after the installation of the Paterno cabinet on May 7-8, 1899 would be appreciated. It seems as if there ought to be something, considering that this article asserts that the First Republic operated as a government until Aguinaldo's capture on March 25, 1901.

Actually, my own WP:OR guess is that the First Republic never functioned much at all as a formal constitutional republic but, rather, functioned as provided for in Article 99 of its constitution. This must have been the case after November 13, 1899 (see e.g., this) and (my guess) was probably the case for some time before that date. I can't support that, though. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 06:54, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

Do not list all languages in infoxbox

I believe infoboxes should be brief, pointing to other places for more information, and not comprehensive. Towards that end, I edited the infoxbox to say, "Spanish and Philippine languages". User:Darwgon0801 reverted by edit, putting back a long, but not comprehensive, list of Philippine languages ("Spanish, Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Bicolano, Pangasinan, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Chavacano, Waray, and other Philippine languages") saying, "These local languages are commonly used in their areas along w/ Spanish". I do not dispute that these local languages are common. That is not the question, at least for me. The questions are (1) Should infoboxes be comprehensive or summary? and (2) How do we choose which language to list of the dozens of Philippine languages, especially given the discussion over how extensive an area the First Philippine Republic governed? I think that the infoboxes should be a summary list (Spanish and Philippine languages) and one reason for that is to avoid the necessity of deciding which Philippine languages to include and which to exclude.--Iloilo Wanderer (talk) 06:33, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

Palau, etc.

The infobox asserted that the Philippine Republic (or, I infer, part thereof), is today "part of" the Philippines and Palau, citing this in support. The cited source says, in part, "... Palau would continue to be claimed by the First Republic." From what I understand, the cited source is either mistaken or this point is underclarified there. I think that Today part of in the infobox (which comes from the {{{today}}} parameter) is confusing without clarification, and I have removed it in this edit. This is treated in more detail (albiet, it seems to me, mistakenly) in the Provincial and local government section, where the assertion is made based on the cited source mentioned previously that "... Palau would continue to be claimed by the First Republic."

Googling, I found Severino, Rodolfo (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 116-118. ISBN 978-981-4311-71-7. That source covers the situation of cross-claimed areas involving the Philippines in a bit more detail than the source cited in the article. It appears to me that the content in the Provincial and local government section of the article related to areas with other claimants needs to be rewritten, based on info in that source. I don't have time to do that right now; perhaps I will get back to this. If the infobox is to use the {{{today}}} parameter to assert that some areas claimed by of the First Philippine Republic are "Today part of" countries other than the Philippines (and such areas do exist -- see Island of Palmas case), this probably needs clarification in explanatiory footnotes. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:57, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

Short description

This edit, which inserted {{short description|Short-lived independent republic from 1899–1901}} caught my eye. I question the accuracy of this WP:Short description.

The article's lead sentence says, "The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina; Filipino: Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas), more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was a nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines." This seems at odds with the short description given above. It would be accurate to say that the First Philippine Republic was a "Self-proclaimed short-lived independent republic", I think. It would be inaccurate to beg the inference that it was a sovereign independent government which was generally recognized by the community of nations. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 09:12, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

I changed this to read {{short description|Self-proclaimed independent republic from 1899–1901}} Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 10:35, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

"Territory claimed by the Philippine Republic" unsupported?

This edit caught my eye. I've made a further edit simplifying the image caption to say just "Territory claimed by the Philippine Republic", eliminating "in Asia and Oceania". However, as far as I know, the extent of the territory claimed by the Philippine Republic is not documented in a verifiable supporting source. The territorial extent is not specified in the Malolos Constitution. The earlier Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government could be read as claiming sovereignty over whatever territory Spain held in the Philippines at the time, and that claim arguably passed on to the Revolutionary Government and on to the Philippine Republic, but is the extent of that territory clearly specified anywhere? Can anyone provide a reliable supporting source? If not, and considering WP:V, it seems to me that the image should be removed or re-captioned.

As far as I can see, the extent of the territory wasn't documented/defined until it was passed from Spain to the U.S. by Article III of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, and that definition was further clarified by the 1900 Treaty of Washington. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 12:05, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion

The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion:

• Un Peso Republica Filipina.jpg

Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:27, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

National cabinet table

There is a discussion in progress regarding this at List of cabinets of the Philippines#Emilio Aguinaldo cabinet. Please discuss this there. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 20:29, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

Ending date

This edit caught my eye and caused me to look harder at this than I had in the past. From what I can see, the date is fixed differently by different sources. Tis article ,ight pick one of the source-supported dates but, in hopes of avoiding or minimizing editorial disagreement and in observance of WP:DUE, should probably include a clarifying footnote about that. I did a little quick toogling, and turned up the following:

• Beede, Benjamin R. (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 419. ISBN 978-1-136-74690-1. Aguinaldo was captured in the mountain region of Palanan, Isabela on 2 April, 1901. On 19 April 1901 he appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States. The existence of the revolutionary government came to an end officially when, on 4 July 1901, U.S. Military government ceased to exist in the Philippines.
• Doyle, Robert C. (2010). The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror. University Press of Kentucky. p. 155. ISBN 0-8131-2589-8. Aguinaldo was taken prisoner in his bedroom on 23 March 1910 and informed that he was a prisoner of the U.S. Army.⁶³ On 1 April 1901, Emilio Aganaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and on 19 April he signed a manifesto calling on his countrymen to give up the fight. It read in part: '[...] By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipeligo, [...]' (footnote 63 is not previewable there)
• Oliver, Robert Tarbell (1989). Leadership in Asia: Persuasive Communication in the Making of Nations, 1850-1950. University of Delaware Press. pp. http:169. ISBN 978-0-87413-353-0. [...] On 19 April 1901 Aguinaldo issued a farewell proclamation to his people, bringing the republic to an end: [...]

Other sources also no doubt interpret events to indicate differing ending dates; possibly dates other than those indicated by the sources I've exampled above. Per DUE, some of these sources and the viewpoints they contain will have sufficient weight for acknowledgement in this article. I suggest addressing this situation here by giving an ending date of "1901" and, wherever that appears, linking a clarifying footnote saying something like, "Sources interpret events in varying ways, assigning the ending date of the republic to particular events occurring on different dates in 1901.", and citing sources including those listed above and, possibly, others. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wtmitchell (talk • contribs) 12:03, August 12, 2021 (UTC)

Some other sources:

• "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 7, 2012. Aguinaldo himself was captured in Palanan, Isabela, on March 23, 1901, a day after his 32nd birthday. When he took the oath of allegiance to the United States nine days later, the First Philippine Republic came to an end. I'm sure that other citeable sources exist. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 14:02, 12 August 2021 (UTC)
• Macapagal Arroyo, Gloria (April 9, 2002). "Proclamation No. 173. s. 2002". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Manila. Retrieved December 25, 2016. (this presidential proclamation indicated officially that April 16 "marks the day when General Miguel Malvar, a true-blooded Batangueño and the last President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government surrendered to the Americans". The article infobox currently lists Malvar as President from 1901 to 1902 without clarification or support, noting "unofficial" parenthetically.) Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 15:13, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

Discussion? Having seen neither objection or discussion, I've made the edit here. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 16:42, 18 August 2021 (UTC)

Here, I've belatedly made this edit. The note I've added may need tweaking. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 10:31, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

NOTE: There's a somewhat related discussion at Talk:Emilio Aguinaldo#Miguel Malvar. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 11:07, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Characterization, contention, and the article lead

This edit caught my eye, It revises the characterization of this polity from "a nascent revolutionary government " to "an unrecognized independent sovereign state" with an edit summary saying: Revised opening lines, this government cannot be considered a revolutionary government for it has a functioning constitution albeit lacking the recognition of any major state during this time. Nevertheless it would be incorrect to water down the status of such a government to simply being revolutionary. unrecognized state would be a better term. According to the declarative theory of statehood, a sovereign state can exist without being recognized by other sovereign states.

I remember the characterization here having been a matter of some contention in the past. I observe that this falls within the lead sentence of the opening paragraph of the lead section of the article.

• MOS:LEADSENTENCE says, "The first sentence should tell the nonspecialist reader what or who the subject is, and often when or where. It should be in plain English. [...]";
• MOS:OPEN says, "The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but without being too specific. [...]";
• MOS:LEAD says, "[...] The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. [...]".

Considering this, it seems to me that any contention regarding the political status of the First Philippine Republic should not occur anywhere in the lead section other than to summarize information contained in the body of the article, perhaps in a section headed Political status, and that mention of this, if present in the lead, should probably not occur within the lead sentence. I don't expect this suggestion to survive discussion, but how about something like the following for a lead paragraph:

The First Philippine Republic was a polity in the Philippines. It was established by the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, during the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

Discussion? Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 10:39, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

• This could be a suitable compromise to the dispute and I agree on the point of neutrality. The previous line caught my eye for it appeared bias from my view, hence I replaced it. My stand on this matter is that so long as no negative insinuation is made regarding the nature of the First Philippine Republic then it should be fine, to simply deem it a "nascent revolutionary government" undermines and dilutes the efforts of the Filipino people to achieve their independence. There was a revolutionary government that existed prior as correctly mentioned above. A distinction should be made between the two and clearly the Philippine Republic ought to be viewed with greater pre-eminence when contrasted to the Revolutionary Government that preceded the First Philippine Republic. Mabuhay1946 (talk) 13:54, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

I'm hoping not to get drawn into a long discussion here about this but (1) I'm no expert but, speaking to the mention of Declarative theory of statehood in the edit summary, my understanding is that that came about c. 1933 and we're talking here about 1899; <<inserted note: see this clarification in the Sovereignty of the Philippines article, and the article paragraph citing it.>> (2) In your comment above, you seem to be arguing that the article ought to conform to your POV re the importance of the "dilutes the efforts of the Filipino people to achieve their independence". I recognize that POV (which needs support if explicitly introduced into the article) as important background context, but I feel that the article should be more NPOV and should have a more topical focus. Let's limit this discussion to the article's lead section, though. Barring further comment or continuing discussion, I will probably make an edit early next week along the lines I suggested abovo. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 18:53, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

NOTE: There is a related discussion at Talk:Revolutionary government in the Philippines § First Philippine Republic. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 11:15, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

Academia Militar and PMA

I've reverted this edit, which would have wikilinked Academia Militar which, according to this, was deactivated on January 20, 1899, to the article on the Philippine Military Academy, which was established in 1935. The Academia Militar came and went long before the PMA was established. I disagree with the description of the name Academia Militar as a "former name" in the PMA article, but I realize that, looking back, the PMA regards the Aguinaldo/Luna Academia Militar as a forerunner (incorrectly, in my view, but I wasn't brought up with a nationalistic view to Aguinaldo's revolution). However, I believe that it is too much of a stretch to look forward from 1898 and foresee the founding of the PMA in 1935, or even the founding of the Officer's School of the Philippine Constabulary in 1905, from the viewpoint of the First Philippine Republic in 1898. Discussion? Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 09:47, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

Provincial and Local Government

I have reverted this edit. which would have, without support, added a distinction between municipalities and cities. See Article 57 here. Actually, that doesn't mention municipalities either -- perhaps further edits are needed. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 00:46, 3 January 2024 (UTC)