Talk:Eyeblink conditioning

Extinction

When extinction occurs, does the LTD (long term depression) subside? Thepcnerd 17:11, 25 January 2006 (UTC) What is the time duration between the US onset and the behavioural eyeblink? thank you...

LTD is just one process that is thought to underlie learning, and, in all likelihood, there are multiple processes that work together at various levels to produce learning and extinction, which some consider to be a form of learning.

Regarding your second question, at shorter Interstimulus intervals (150-400 msec), the blink is very compacted in time, and maximal eyelid closure occurs at US onset. At longer ISIs, the blink is lower in amplitude, and it is sort-of extended over time. Maximal closure may or may not occur at US onset because longer ISIs are harder for organisms to time.--129.237.138.216 18:18, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

merge with classical conditioning

I think this article and Fear conditioning can both be merged with classical conditioning as they are examples of the classical conditioning. Kpmiyapuram 12:03, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

A link from classical conditioning is a better idea because of the extensive knowledge base about brain function that has been built upon both fear and eyeblink conditioning. I put link from Classical conditioning to both eyeblink and fear conditioning.--Dentate 01:26, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

A merge is better than the current somewhat misleading title, as most "eyeblink" conditioning (and it can be called that in the literature) actually involves closing the nictitating membrane and not true blinking. I think a better option would be to move it to Trace conditioning, and have links from Classical conditioning to it. Benhocking 14:14, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

The NM thing is simply not true. In humans EBC is recorded with infrared blink detectors, and most other animals' blinks are now studied with Electromyogram wires. Also, a move to trace conditioning would not be relevant here. Instead, trace eyeblink conditioning should be a subtopic as it is thought to require a certain degree of awareness in humans, and it relies upon the hippocampus in addition to the cerebellum. I'll get to this when I have time, but I welcome help.--Dentate 01:26, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I think that if some literature uses the phrase "eyeblink conditioning", then there should be an entry on it -- the entry can say that it's a misnomer if you like. I think there are many kinds of classical conditioning and they should not all be squished into one page. I'm fine with moving the main text to "trace conditioning", though. Bayle Shanks 04:04, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

I'm fine with all of this except the last sentence. --Dentate 01:26, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Actually, I was thinking more along the line of a redirect, with a discussion in the article about how it is frequently called eyeblink conditioning, even though it usually involves the nictitating membrane instead of the eyelid. Ben Hocking ^{(talk|contribs)} 19:51, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

This simply isn't correct, though. A blink is the result of synergistic activity from multiple muscles, and recording EMG from any of these muscles will give a highly accurate measure of the speed and magnitude of a blink - because the electrical activity is what is actually causing the behavioral blink. EMG is used in all animals, and has even become the most common method for recording blinks in rabbits. Previously, all rabbit blinks were measured with a potentiometer attached to the nictating membrane, which closes passively as a result of eyeball retraction. This is also an accurate indicator of blinks, but EMG is a more direct measure and is now far more commonplace than the potentiometer. It would be inaccurate to state that eyeblink conditioning is anything other than just that. However, while a description of how all of the eye muscles work together to produce a blink is out of the scope of the article, a sentence could be added to mention the fact that some eyeblink conditioning uses pots to record the passive nm response. I would actually like to add a section on methods for recording blinks. This could include infrared used in humans, emg used in most animals, and potentiometers sometimes used in rabbits.--Dentate 13:30, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

cerebellar cortex, right?

"In the cortex, it is hypothesized that the plasticity correlated with delay conditioning is long-term depression of the synapse between parallel fibers and Purkinje neurons. (DS Woodruff-Pak, JT Green, SI Levin, & MH Meisler (2006). Behavioral Neuroscience, v120, 229-240.)"

I'm assuming you mean the cerebellar cortex when you say cortex here. I suggest the article be changed to read, "In the cerebellar cortex, ..." Bayle Shanks 03:58, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

I fixed this.--Dentate 01:20, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

{{articleissues}}

I added {{articleissues}} to the article to cover several issues I see with the text. Number one, it's a giant wall of text. It definitely needs some sort of sectioning to look less like a whitepaper or essay. Number two, there are references cited in Harvard citations but the full citations aren't listed anywhere in the article. Half-references aren't much better (if any) than no references at all.

Also, please please please do not put "dummy sections" in an article, where you have a header and then "More on this later" or "work in progress." An article needs to look complete even if it isn't. If you don't have any data for a section when you're editing, don't put the section header in at all, and add the whole thing later. If you want to tell your fellow editors what your plans are for the article, like what sections or data you plan to add, then please use this talk page instead of the article itself. --Darkwind (talk) 22:01, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Okay. I didn't know most of this. This is my first wiki write. I totally agree with the wall of text thing. I just didn't have time to do anything about it. I welcome any help, though, as long as the information is correct. Most of what was in the text before I changed it was simply wrong. I left the citations in because I have the full citations that I'm working on inserting at the end. I will actually insert the citations into a discussion and maybe we can all work to put them into the correct format. I will delete the dummy sections if you haven't already and place them in a discussion. Thanks for the input. --Dentate 01:33, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Role of the Cerebellar Cortex

More information must be added regarding the anterior lobe (ANT) of the cerebellum.--Dentate 03:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Role of the hippocampus in trace conditioning

A section should be added about this.--Dentate 03:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Human Eyeblink Conditioning Studies

A section is warranted on this topic with subheadings that include how various populations of people learn. Elderly, Alzheimer's, Downs Syndrome, Schizophrenia, OCD, etc.--Dentate 03:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

References

Here is a list of references, any help with properly formatting them would be appreciated. This list is incomplete, so help in cross-referencing would be appreciated, too.

Attwell, P.J.E., Rahman, S. & Yeo, C.H. (2001). Acquisition of eyeblink conditioning is critically dependent on normal function in cerebellar cortical lobule HVI. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15), 5715-5722.

Berger, T.W. & Thompson, R.F. (1978). Neuronal plasticity in the limbic system during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. I. The hippocampus. Brain Research, 145(2), 323-346.

Berthier, N.E. & Moore, J.W. (1986). Cerebellar Purkinje cell activity related to the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Experimental Brain Research, 63, 341-350.

Berthier, N.E. & Moore, J.W. (1990). Activity of deep cerebellar nuclear cells during classical conditioning of nictitating membrane extension in rabbits. Experimental Brain Research, 83, 44-54. Brodal, A. (1981). Neurological Anatomy. Oxford University Press: New York.

Brodal, A., Walberg, F. & Hoddevik, G. H. (1975). The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 164, 449-469.

Chen, L., Bao, S., Lockard, J.M., Kim, J.K. & Thompson, R.F. (1996). Impaired classical eyeblink conditioning in cerebellar-lesioned and Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 16(8), 2829-2838.

Christian, K.M. & Thompson, R.F. (2003). Neural substrates of eyeblink conditioning: Acquisition and retention. Learning and Memory, 11, 427-455.

Clark, R.E.. & Lavond, D.G. (1996). Neural unit activity in the trigeminal complex with interpositus or red nucleus inactivation during classical eyeblink conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110(1), 13-21.

Clark, G.A., McCormick, D.A., Lavond, D.G. & Thompson, R.F. (1984b). Effects of lesions of cerebellar nuclei on conditioned behavioral and hippocampal neuronal responses. Brain Research, 291(1), 125-136.

Clark, R.E., Zhang, A.A. & Lavond, D.G. (1992). Reversible lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of a classically conditioned behavior. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106(6), 879-888.

Clark, R.E., Zhang, A.A. & Lavond, D.G. (1997). The importance of cerebellar cortex and facial nucleus in acquisition and retention of eyeblink/NM conditioning: Evidence for critical unilateral regulation of the conditioned response. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 67, 96-111.

Coesmans, M., Weber, J.T., De Zeeuw, C.I. & Hansel, C. (2004). Bidirectional parallel fiber plasticity in the cerebellum under climbing fiber control. Neuron, 44(4), 691-700.

Desmond, J.E. & Moore, J.W. (1983). A supratrigeminal region implicated in the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Brain Research Bulletin, 10(6), 765-773.

Foy, M.R., Steinmetz, J.E. & Thompson, R.F. (1984). Single unit analysis of cerebellum during classically conditioned eyelid responses. Abstracts from the Society for Neuroscience, 10, 122.

Freeman, J.H. & Nicholson, D.A. (2000). Developmental changes in eye-blink conditioning and neuronal activity in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 813-819.

Garcia, K.S., Steele, P.M. & Mauk, M.D. (1999). Cerebellar cortex lesions prevent acquisition of conditioned eyelid responses. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(24), 10940-10947.

Gould, T.J. & Steinmetz, J.E. (1996). Changes in rabbit cerebellar cortical and interpositus nucleus activity during acquisition, extinction, and backward classical eyelid conditioning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 65, 17-34.

Green, J.T. & Steinmetz, J.E. (2005). Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellar anterior lobe after rabbit eyeblink conditioning. Learning and Memory, 12, 260-269. Green, J.T. & Woodruff-Pak, D.S. (2000). Eyeblink classical conditioning: Hippocampal formation is for neutral stimulus association as cerebellum is for association-response. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 138-158.

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Ito, M., Sakurai, M. & Tongroach, P. (1982). Climbing fibre induced depression of both mossy fibre responsiveness and glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Journal of Physiology, 324, 113-134.

Ito, M., Shiida, N., Yagi, N. & Yamamoto, M. (1974). The cerebellar modification of rabbit’s horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by sustained head rotation combined with visual stimulation. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, 50, 85-89.

Katz, D.B. & Steinmetz, J.E. (1997). Single-unit evidence for eye-blink conditioning in cerebellar cortex is altered, but not eliminated, by interpositus nucleus lesions. Learning and Memory, 3, 88-104.

Krupa, D.J. (1993). Localization of the essential memory trace for a classically conditioned behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Loa Angeles.

Krupa, D.J., Weng, J. & Thompson, R.F. (1996). Inactivation of brainstem motor nuclei blocks expression but not acquisition of the rabbit's classically conditioned eyeblink response. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110(2), 219-227.

Krupa, D.J. & Thompson, R.F. (1997). Reversible inactivation of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus completely prevents acquisition of the classically conditioned eye-blink response. Learning and Memory, 3(6), 545-556. Krupa, D.J., Thompson, J.K. & Thompson, R.F. (1993). Localization of a memory trace in the mammalian brain. Science, 260(5110), 989-991. Langer, T., Fuchs, A.F., Scudder, C.A. & Chubb, M.C. (1985b). Afferents to the flocculus of the cerebellum in the rhesus macaque as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxide. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 235, 1-25.

Lavond, D.G., Hembree, T.L. & Thompson, R.F. (1985). Effect of kainic acid lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus on eyelid conditioning in the rabbit. Brain Research, 326, 179-182.

Lavond, D.G., Logan, C.G., Sohn, J.H., Garner, W.D. & Kanzawa, S.A. (1990). Lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus abolish both nictitating membrane and eyelid EMG conditioned responses. Brain Research, 514, 238-248.

Lavond, D.G., Lincoln, J.S., McCormick, D.A. & Thompson, R.F. (1984a). Effect of bilateral lesions of the dentate and interpositus cerebellar nuclei on conditioning of heart-rate and nictitating membrane/eyelid responses in the rabbit. Brain Research, 305(2), 323-330.

Lavond, D.G. & Steinmetz, J.E. (1989). Acquisition of classical conditioning without cerebellar cortex. Behavioral Brain Research, 33, 113-164.

Lavond, D.G., Steinmetz, J.E., Yokaitis, M.H. & Thompson, R.F. (1987). Reacquisition of classical conditioning after removal of cerebellar cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 67(3), 569-593.

Lewis, J.L., Lo Turco, J.J. & Solomon, P.R. (1987). Lesions of the middle cerebellar peduncle disrupt acquisition and retention of the rabbit’s classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Behavioral Neuroscience, 101, 151-157.

Lincoln, J.S., McCormick, D.A. & Thompson, R.F. (1982). Ipsilateral cerebellar lesions prevent learning of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane/eyelid response. Brain Research, 242, 190-193.

McCormick, D.A. & Thompson, R.F. (1984a). Cerebellum: Essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response. Science, 223, 296-299.

McCormick, D.A. & Thompson, R.F. (1984b). Neuronal responses of the rabbit cerebellum during acquisition and performance of a classically conditioned nictitating membrane-eyelid response. Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 2811-2822.

McCormick, D.A, Lavond, D.G., Clark, G.A., Kettner, R.E., Rising, C.E. & Thompson, R.F. (1981). The engram found? Role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of nictitating membrane and eyelid responses. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 103-105.

McCormick, D.A., Clark, G.A., Lavond, D.G. & Thompson, R.F. (1982). Initial localization of a memory trace for a basic form of learning. Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences, 79, 2731-2735.

McCormick, D.A., Lavond, D.G. & Thompson, R.F. (1983). Neuronal responses of the rabbit brainstem during performcance of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane (NM)/eyelid response. Brain Research, 271, 73-88.

Moore, J.W. & Berthier, N.E. (1987). Purkinje cell activity and the conditioned nictitating membrane response. In M. Glickstein, C. Yeo, & J. Stein (Eds.), Cerebellum and Neuronal Plasticity (pp. 339-352). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Nordholm, A.F., Thompson, J.K., Dersarkissian, C. & Thompson, R.F. (1993). Lidocaine infusion in a critical region of cerebellum completely prevents learning of the conditioned eyeblink response. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107(5), 882-886.

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Steinmetz, J.E., Lavond, D.G. & Thompson, R.F. (1989). Classical conditioning in rabbits using pontine nucleus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus and inferior olive stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus. Synapse, 3(3), 225-233.

Steinmetz, J.E., Logan, C.G., Rosen, D.J., Thompson, J.K., Lavond, D.G. & Thompson, R.F. (1987). Initial localization of the acoustic conditioned stimulus projection system to the cerebellum essential for classical eyelid conditioning. Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences: U S A, 84(10), 3531-3535.

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End Comment --Dentate 17:30, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

History

A brief section on the history of eyeblink conditioning would be good, too.--Dentate 17:30, 15 August 2007 (UTC)