Talk:Climate change, industry and society

"Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage"

Include Wikinews item n:Arctic ice levels at record low opening Northwest Passage regarding Northwest Passage as it contains sources. 108.195.138.171 (talk) 06:32, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Why is it relevant to this article? And, if you're proposing it elsewhere, comment on that talk page. If I were really following WP:TALK, I'd delete the comment, rather than replying, as there is no potential improvement suggested. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 08:00, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Are you not the same Admin who did this? 99.181.153.228 (talk) 17:14, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Wikinews is never credible as a reliable source. Thinking about it, I should have tagged it as irrelevant as well as not credible. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 18:26, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

(od) Here are its sources ...

• Northwest Passage#Effects of climate change
• Ice melts opening up Northwest Passage September 15, 2007
• Arctic Ice Melt Opens Northwest Passage September 15, 2007

99.181.135.134 (talk) 18:32, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

It's still not clear what it has to do with this article. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 19:26, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Indeed, ip99/108/... this is the encyclopedia anyone can edit. So, why don't you do the work and produce the content for the article based on WP:RS and actually make a content contribution to the article. Do you expect others to do the work for you? I would put this on your talk page, but you bounce around too much. Vsmith (talk) 20:17, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Comment on article improvement, not other editors
The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
(od) Special:Contributions/Vsmith you maybe mistakingly assuming Special:Contributions/Arthur Rubin is not disingenuous, see his Edit Summary. 108.195.136.11 (talk) 21:44, 22 July 2012 (UTC) Assuming nothing. Wikinews is not a WP:RS. Now, add some content based on reliable sources. Vsmith (talk) 22:54, 22 July 2012 (UTC) Vsmith, you've hitched your wagon to the wrong horse. 99.109.125.100 (talk) 07:50, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Rename article

I think the article should be renamed to be less vague. Based on the title alone, I don't know what the article is about. –Temporal User (Talk) 09:59, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

An issue related to this is that there is another article called Effects of climate change on humans. There is significant overlap of content between Effects of climate change on humans and climate change, industry and society. Looking at the two articles, there appears to be a large amount of information on human health impacts. This article (climate change, industry and society) could be renamed "impacts of climate change on human health". In my opinion, the most logical order of editing would be:

1. Collate information on human health impacts from Effects of climate change on humans and climate change, industry and society
2. Move information on human health impacts to climate change, industry and society.
3. Move information on other social impacts from climate change, industry and society to Effects of climate change on humans
4. Rename climate change, industry and society "impacts of climate change on human health".

Enescot (talk) 05:14, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

I've prepared a draft that collates information on the health effects of climate change from effects of global warming, effects of climate change on humans, and climate change, industry and society. I've put this together some time ago, so there may have been some changes to the articles since then. For ease of editing, I decided to omit citations from the draft text

I've also had some other ideas about a new title for this article. The main articles on Wikipedia about human-induced climate change (e.g., global warming, effects of global warming) tend to prefer the phrase "global warming" to "climate change". Also "effects" tends to be used instead of "impacts". For consistency, the revised article could be renamed "effects of global warming on human health".

Draft text is below:

Human beings are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri et al., 2007:393).[25] According to a literature assessment by Confalonieri et al. (2007:393), the effects of climate change to date have been small, but are projected to progressively increase in all countries and regions. With high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007:393) concluded that climate change had altered the seasonal distribution of some allergenic pollen species. With medium confidence, they concluded that climate change had:

• altered the distribution of some infectious disease vectors
• increased heatwave-related deaths

With high confidence, IPCC (2007d:48) projected that:[2]

• the health status of millions of people would be affected through, for example, increases in malnutrition; increased deaths, diseases and injury due to extreme weather events; increased burden of diarrhoeal diseases; increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to high concentrations of ground-level ozone in urban areas related to climate change; and altered spatial distribution of some infectious diseases.
• climate change would bring some benefits in temperate areas, such as fewer deaths from cold exposure, and some mixed effects such as changes in range and transmission potential of malaria in Africa. Overall, IPCC (2007d:48) expected that benefits would be outweighed by negative health effects of rising temperatures, especially in developing countries.
• With very high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007:393) concluded that economic development was an important component of possible adaptation to climate change. Economic growth on its own, however, was not judged to be sufficient to insulate the world's population from disease and injury due to climate change. The manner in which economic growth occurs was judged to be important, along with how the benefits of growth are distributed in society. Examples of other important factors in determining the health of populations were listed as: education, health care, and public-health infrastructure.

General effects

Climate change poses a wide range of risks to population health - risks that will increase in future decades, often to critical levels, if global climate change continues on its current trajectory.[3] The three main categories of health risks include: (i) direct-acting effects (e.g. due to heat waves, amplified air pollution, and physical weather disasters), (ii) impacts mediated via climate-related changes in ecological systems and relationships (e.g. crop yields, mosquito ecology, marine productivity), and (iii) the more diffuse (indirect) consequences relating to impoverishment, displacement, resource conflicts (e.g. water), and post-disaster mental health problems.

Climate change thus threatens to slow, halt or reverse international progress towards reducing child under-nutrition, deaths from diarrheal diseases and the spread of other infectious diseases. Climate change acts predominantly by exacerbating the existing, often enormous, health problems, especially in the poorer parts of the world. Current variations in weather conditions already have many adverse impacts on the health of poor people in developing nations,[8] and these too are likely to be 'multiplied' by the added stresses of climate change.

A changing climate thus affects the prerequisites of population health: clean air and water, sufficient food, natural constraints on infectious disease agents, and the adequacy and security of shelter. A warmer and more variable climate leads to higher levels of some air pollutants and more frequent extreme weather events. It increases the rates and ranges of transmission of infectious diseases through unclean water and contaminated food, and by affecting vector organisms (such as mosquitoes) and intermediate or reservoir host species that harbour the infectious agent (such as cattle, bats and rodents). Changes in temperature, rainfall and seasonality compromise agricultural production in many regions, including some of the least developed countries, thus jeopardising child health and growth and the overall health and functional capacity of adults. As warming proceeds, the severity (and perhaps frequency) of weather-related disasters will increase - and appears to have done so in a number of regions of the world over the past several decades.[when?] Therefore, in summary, global warming, together with resultant changes in food and water supplies, can indirectly cause increases in a range of adverse health outcomes, including malnutrition, diarrhea, injuries, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and water-borne and insect-transmitted diseases.

Health equity and climate change have a major impact on human health and quality of life, and are interlinked in a number of ways. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health points out that disadvantaged communities are likely to shoulder a disproportionate share of the burden of climate change because of their increased exposure and vulnerability to health threats. Over 90 percent of malaria and diarrhea deaths are borne by children aged 5 years or younger, mostly in developing countries.[9] Other severely affected population groups include women, the elderly and people living in small island developing states and other coastal regions, mega-cities or mountainous areas.[6]

Climate change can lead to dramatic increases in prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases. Beginning in the mid-70s, there has been an “emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases”.[10] Reasons for this are likely multicausal, dependent on a variety of social, environmental and climatic factors, however, many argue that the “volatility of infectious disease may be one of the earliest biological expressions of climate instability”.[10] Though many infectious diseases are affected by changes in climate, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis, present the strongest causal relationship. Malaria in particular, which kills approximately 300,000 children annually, poses the most imminent threat.[11]

According to a 2009 journal paper by UCL academics, climate change and global warming pose the biggest threat to human health in the 21st century.[26][27]

Specific health impacts

Malnutrition

With high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007) projected that malnutrition would increase due to climate change.[51] This link is associated with climate variability and change.[116] Drought reduces variety in diets and reduces overall consumption. This can lead to micronutrient deficiencies.

The World Health Organization (Campbell-Lendrum et al., 2003)[117] conducted a regional and global assessment to quantify the amount of premature morbidity and mortality due to a range of factors, including climate change. Projections were made over future climate change impacts. Limited adjustments for adaptation were included in the estimates based on these projections. Projected relative risks attributable to climate change in 2030 varied by health outcome and region. Risks were largely negative, with most of the projected disease burden due to increases in diarrhoeal disease and malnutrition. These increases were primarily in low-income populations already experiencing a large burden of disease.

Extreme events

With high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007) projected that climate change would increase the number of people suffering from death, disease and injury from heatwaves, floods, storms, fires and droughts.[51]

Direct effects of temperature rise

The most direct effect of climate change on humans might be the impacts of hotter temperatures themselves. Extreme high temperatures increase the number of people who die on a given day for many reasons: people with heart problems are vulnerable because one's cardiovascular system must work harder to keep the body cool during hot weather, heat exhaustion, and some respiratory problems increase. Global warming could mean more cardiovascular diseases, doctors warn.[28] Higher air temperature also increase the concentration of ozone at ground level. In the lower atmosphere, ozone is a harmful pollutant. It damages lung tissues and causes problems for people with asthma and other lung diseases.[29]

Rising temperatures have two opposing direct effects on mortality: higher temperatures in winter reduce deaths from cold; higher temperatures in summer increase heat-related deaths. The net local impact of these two direct effects depends on the current climate in a particular area. Palutikof et al. (1996) calculate that in England and Wales for a 1 °C temperature rise the reduced deaths from cold outweigh the increased deaths from heat, resulting in a reduction in annual average mortality of 7000,[30] while Keatinge et al. (2000) "suggest that any increases in mortality due to increased temperatures would be outweighed by much larger short term declines in cold related mortalities."[31] Cold-related deaths are far more numerous than heat-related deaths in the United States, Europe, and almost all countries outside the tropics.[32] During 1979–1999, a total of 3,829 deaths in the United States were associated with excessive heat due to weather conditions,[33] while in that same period a total of 13,970 deaths were attributed to hypothermia.[34] In Europe, mean annual heat related mortalities are 304 in north Finland, 445 in Athens, and 40 in London, while cold related mortalities are 2457, 2533, and 3129 respectively.[31] According to Keatinge et al. (2000), "populations in Europe have adjusted successfully to mean summer temperatures ranging from 13.5°C to 24.1°C, and can be expected to adjust to global warming predicted for the next half century with little sustained increase in heat related mortality."[31]

A government report shows decreased mortality due to recent warming and predicts increased mortality due to future warming in the United Kingdom.[35] The 2003 European heat wave killed 22,000–35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates.[36] Peter A. Stott from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research estimated with 90% confidence that past human influence on climate was responsible for at least half the risk of the 2003 European summer heat-wave.[37]

Floods and weather disasters

Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical infrastructure and human communities.[118] Confalonieri et al. (2007) reported that major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades.

The impacts of weather disasters is considerable and unequally distributed.[118] For example, natural disasters have been shown to result in increased domestic violence against - and post-traumatic stress disorders in – women. In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk, including where they live and their age, as well as other social and environmental factors. High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health burden from weather disasters.

Heatwaves

Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.[119] Heatwaves are associated with marked short-term increases in mortality. For example, in August 2003, a heatwave in Europe resulted in excess mortality in the range of 35,000 total deaths.

Heat-related morbidity and mortality is projected to increase.[120] The health burden could be relatively small for moderate heatwaves in temperate regions, because deaths occur primarily in susceptible persons.

Drought

The effects of drought on health include deaths, malnutrition, infectious diseases and respiratory diseases.[116] Countries within the "Meningitis Belt" in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa experience the highest endemicity and epidemic frequency of meningococcal meningitis in Africa, although other areas in the Rift Valley, the Great Lakes, and southern Africa are also affected.[121] The spatial distribution, intensity, and seasonality of meningococcal (epidemic) meningitis appear to be strongly linked to climate and environmental factors, particularly drought. The cause of this link is not fully understood.

Fires

In some regions, changes in temperature and precipitation are projected to increase the frequency and severity of fire events.[122] Forest and bush fires cause burns, damage from smoke inhalation and other injuries.

Cold-waves

Cold-waves continue to be a problem in northern latitudes, where very low temperatures can be reached in a few hours and extend over long periods.[134] Reductions in cold-deaths due to climate change are projected to be greater than increases in heat-related deaths in the UK.[120]

Spread of disease

See also: Tropical disease Global warming may extend the favourable zones for vectors[38] conveying infectious disease such as dengue fever,[39] West Nile virus,[40] and malaria.[41][42] In poorer countries, this may simply lead to higher incidence of such diseases. In richer countries, where such diseases have been eliminated or kept in check by vaccination, draining swamps and using pesticides, the consequences may be felt more in economic than health terms. The World Health Organization (WHO) says global warming could lead to a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Britain and Europe, as northern Europe becomes warmer, ticks—which carry encephalitis and lyme disease—and sandflies—which carry visceral leishmaniasis—are likely to move in.[43] However, malaria has always been a common threat in European past, with the last epidemic occurring in the Netherlands during the 1950s. In the United States, Malaria has been endemic in as much as 36 states (including Washington, North Dakota, Michigan and New York) until the 1940s.[44] By 1949, the country was declared free of malaria as a significant public health problem, after more than 4,650,000 house DDT spray applications had been made.[45]

The World Health Organisation estimates 150,000 deaths annually "as a result of climate change", of which half are in the Asia-Pacific region.[46] In April 2008, it reported that, as a result of increased temperatures, the number of malaria infections is expected to increase in the highland areas of Papua New Guinea.[47]

Infectious disease vectors

With high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007)[51] projected that climate change would continue to change the range of some infectious disease vectors. Vector-borne diseases (VBD) are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, sandflies, and blackflies.[123] There is some evidence of climate-change-related shifts in the distribution of tick vectors of disease, of some (non-malarial) mosquito vectors in Europe and North America. Climate change has also been implicated in changes in the breeding and migration dates of several bird species. Several species of wild bird can act as carriers of human pathogens as well as of vectors of infectious agents.

Dengue

With low confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007) concluded that climate change would increase the number of people at risk of dengue.[51] Dengue is the world's most important vector-borne viral disease.[124] Several studies have reported associations between dengue and climate, however, these associations are not entirely consistent.

Malaria

Malaria is especially susceptible to changes in the environment as both the pathogen (Plasmodium) and its vector (mosquitoes) lack the mechanisms necessary to regulate internal temperature and fluid levels. This implies that there is a limited range of climatic conditions within which the pathogen and vector can survive, reproduce and infect hosts.[12] Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, have distinctive characteristics that determine pathogenicity. These include: the survival and reproduction rate of the vector, the level of vector activity (i.e. the biting or feeding rate), and the development and reproduction rate of the pathogen within the vector or host.[12] These depend on climatic conditions such as temperature, precipitation and humidity.

The spatial distribution, intensity of transmission, and seasonalty of malaria is influenced by climate in Sub-saharan Africa.[125] Rainfall can be a limiting factor for mosquito populations and there is some evidence of reductions in transmission associated with decadal decreases in rainfall. The effects of observed climate change on the geographical distribution of malaria and its transmission intensity in highland regions remains controversial. There is no clear evidence that malaria has been affected by climate change in South America or in continental regions of the Russian Federation. There is still much uncertainty about the potential impact of climate change on malaria at local and global scales.

Temperature

The ideal temperature range for malaria-carrying mosquitoes is 15–30 °C. Temperature exerts varied effects on survival and reproduction rate of mosquitoes. If initial temperature is high, then an increase in average temperature, associated with global warming, can decrease the survival and reproduction rate of mosquitoes.

Precipitation and humidity

Mosquitoes are also highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and humidity. Increased precipitation can increase mosquito population indirectly by expanding larval habitat and food supply. Mosquitoes are, however, highly dependent on humidity, surviving only within a limited humidity range of 55-80%.[citation needed]

Extreme weather events

Infectious disease often accompanies extreme weather events, such as floods, earthquakes and drought. These local epidemics occur due to loss of infrastructure, such as hospitals and sanitation services, but also because of changes in local ecology and environment. For example, malaria outbreaks have been strongly associated with the El Nino cycles of a number of countries (India and Venezuela, for example). El Nino can lead to drastic, though temporary, changes in the environment such as temperature fluctuations and flash floods.[10] In addition, with global warming, there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather. This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events. This trend towards more variability and fluctuation is perhaps more important, in terms of its impact on human health, than that of a gradual and long-term trend towards higher average temperature.[10]

Non-climatic determinants

As one would expect, climate is not the only determining factor in the spread of malaria. A variety of sociodemographic and environmental influences determine the characteristics of the disease as well. Sociodemographic factors include, but are not limited to: patterns of human migration and travel, effectiveness of public health and medical infrastructure in controlling and treating the disease, the extent of anti-malarial drug resistance and the underlying health status of the population at hand.[12] Environmental factors include: changes in land-use (e.g. deforestation), expansion of agricultural and water development projects (which tend to increase mosquito breeding habitat), and the overall trend towards urbanization (i.e. increased concentration of human hosts). Patz & Olson argue that these changes in landscape can alter local weather more than long term climate change.[11] For example, the deforestation and cultivation of natural swamps in the African highlands has created conditions favourable for the survival of mosquito larvae, and has, in part, led to the increasing incidence of malaria.[11] The effects of these non-climatic factors complicate things and make a direct causal relationship between climate change and malaria difficult to confirm. It is highly unlikely that climate exerts an isolated effect.

Future modelling

Modelling involves a prediction of the scope, geographic distribution and characteristics of a given factor (malaria in this case) over a period of time. These models are crucial in preparing an adequate public health response to future infectious disease outbreaks. Modelling malaria is particularly complex given the two common pathogen variants (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) and many regionally dominant mosquito species.[3] These models must therefore incorporate a variety of factors including: human-induced changes in climate (e.g. temperature, precipitation, and humidity), environmental factors (e.g. drought and deforestation), disease factors (e.g. parasite development rate, vector population, and drug resistance) and other factors (e.g. changes in immune status of hosts and spread of disease into new areas).[13] Various models suggest, conservatively, that people living in developing countries’ risk of malaria will increase 5-15% by 2100 due to climate change.[13] In Africa alone, according to the MARA Project (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa).,[14] there is a projected increase of 16-28% in person-month exposures to malaria by 2100.[15]

Individual studies

An editor has expressed a concern that this paragraph lends undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, controversies or matters relative to the article subject as a whole. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (May 2010) A paper by researchers from the University of Oxford and the University of Florida published in Nature in May 2010 concluded that claims that a warming climate has led to more widespread disease and death due to malaria are largely at odds with the evidence, and that "predictions of an intensification of malaria in a warmer world, based on extrapolated empirical relationships or biological mechanisms, must be set against a context of a century of warming that has seen marked global declines in the disease and a substantial weakening of the global correlation between malaria endemicity and climate."[126][127]

Other infectious diseases

There is good evidence that diseases transmitted by rodents sometimes increase during heavy rainfall and flooding because of altered patterns of human-pathogen-rodent contact.[128]

Projections

With very high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007)[51] concluded that climate change would have mixed effects on malaria. Malaria is a complex disease to model and all of the published models assessed by Confalonieri et al. (2007) had limited parametrization of some key factors.[129] Parametrization is used in climate models because the resolution of models is insufficient to resolve some physical processes.[130] Given this limitation, models assessed by Confalonieri et al. (2007) projected that, particularly in Africa, climate change would be associated with geographical expansions of the areas suitable for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in some regions, and contractions in other regions. Projections also suggested that some regions would experience a longer season of transmission. Projections suggested expansions in vector species that carry dengue for parts of Australia and New Zealand.

Diarrhoeal diseases

With medium confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007)[51] concluded that climate change would increase the burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Childhood mortality due to diarrhoea in low-income countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, remains high.[131] This is despite improvements in care. Several studies have shown that transmission of enteric pathogens is higher during the rainy season. Some studies have found that higher temperature was strongly associated with increased episodes of diarrhoeal disease in adults and children in Peru. Campbell-Lendrum et al. (2003)[117] projected that climate change would increase the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in low-income regions by approximately 2 to 5% in 2020.

Ground-level ozone

With high confidence, Confalonieri et al. (2007)[51] projected that climate change would increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is both naturally occurring and is the primary constituent of urban smog.[132] Ozone in smog is formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and other compounds. The reaction is a photochemical reaction, meaning that it involves electromagnetic radiation, and occurs in the presence of bright sunshine and high temperatures. Exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone is associated with increased hospital admissions for pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases, and with premature mortality. Background levels of ground-level ozone have risen since pre-industrial times because of increasing emissions of methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.[133] This trend is expected to continue into the mid-21st century.

Children

In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health:

Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness. Within all of these categories, children have increased vulnerability compared with other groups.[48]

On 2008-04-29, a UNICEF UK Report found that global warming is already reducing the quality of the world's most vulnerable children's lives and making it more difficult to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals. Global warming will reduce access to clean water and food supplies, particularly in Africa and Asia. Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.[49]

Limits of human survivability

Some areas of the world would start to surpass the wet-bulb temperature limit of human survivability with global warming of about 6.7 °C (12 °F) while a warming of 11.7 °C (21 °F) would put half of the world's population in an uninhabitable environment.[50][51] In practice, the survivable limit of global warming in these areas is probably lower and in practice, some areas may experience lethal wet-bulb temperatures even earlier, because this study conservatively projected the survival limit for persons who are out of the sun, in gale-force winds, doused with water, wearing no clothing, and not working.[51]

Public health response

Currently, there is no evidence to suggest that the rapid onset of climate change is subsiding. Even if we miraculously managed to stop all greenhouse gas emissions, we would still be faced with the potentially irreversible changes we have already brought. Thus, it is essential that we adapt to these changing conditions. Our response will be both reactive and anticipatory and will need to take place at many levels (legislative, engineering and personal-behaviour).[1] In response to malaria we will need to, for example, improve the quality and accessibility of health services, identify and target response towards vulnerable populations, improve our modelling and surveillance capacity, and implement broad-based public education campaigns.

Enescot (talk) 09:31, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

end of draft text

Restructuring update

I've made a start at restructuring these two articles. However, I've only recently found out that there's already an article about the Effects of global warming on human health. This means that my suggestion of renaming climate change, industry and society (CCIS) to the Effects of global warming on human health (GWHH) cannot go ahead. I suggest that the content on human health in CCIS and Effects of climate change on humans be moved to GWHH. Enescot (talk) 12:44, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Cleaning it up

• I did a grammar check and reword up to and through "Hydroelectricity" today. If no one beats me to it, perhaps I'll return and go further down the page at a later date. I think the article has merit. The article is referenced well, though unconventionally; and much research was done to back up common sense climate change consequences. Grammar, POV, and wording seem to be its biggest issues. Also, As of March 2013, A published article by Stanford University said they performed an ice test covering the last 11,500 years; and it completely substantiates the facts in this article. The report was published on CNN and other reliable news services. The ice levels are at a record low. Pocketthis (talk) 18:13, 28 March 2013 (UTC)Thanks Pocketthis (talk) 23:04, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
• Came back and edited the next chapter: Insurance. This section was referenced conventionally, and just had some poor wording and grammar.Pocketthis (talk) 22:18, 29 March 2013 (UTC)
• Added photo today, to complete lead-in section. Requirements were: Photo, Opening Text, and Table of Contents. All are now present. Lead in tag removed. A freak weather photo was all I could think of. I will have no issues with anyone who comes up with a better idea. Please don't remove the photo, unless you are prepared to replace it with another. In other words, don't leave a blank space, or a Bot or admin will reissue the Lead in Tag. Thanks Pocketthis (talk) 02:53, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

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Merge

I'm very boldly going to merge this article into effects of global warming on humans, without keeping much (any) of it. The article has an unclear topic, is severly out of date and has numerous other issues. Femke Nijsse (talk) 19:21, 3 August 2020 (UTC)