In Persian, Turkic, Hindustani and Punjabi, the word takhallus (from Arabic تخلّص, lit. 'to get liberated or to become secure';[1][2] Persian: تخلّص, romanized: takhallos; Azerbaijani: təxəllüs; Uzbek: taxallus; Urdu: تخلّص, Hindi: तख़ल्लुस) means a pen name.[3] Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.[4]
The takhallus is often included in the maqta', the last couplet (bayt) of a ghazal.[5][6]
History
editWhile ghazal originated in Arabia evolving from qasida, some of the common features of contemporary ghazal, such as including the takhallus in the maqta', the concept of matla', etc., did not exist in Arabic ghazal. It was Persian ghazal which added these features.[5]
Common takhalluses
editList of takhalluses of some Persian poets:
List of takhalluses of some Urdu poets:
- Faiz – Faiz Ahmed Faiz
- Fani — Fani Badayuni, Shaukat Ali Khan
- Ghalib – Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan
- Hali – Altaf Hussain Hali, Altaf Hussain
- Jigar - Jigar Moradabadi, Sikander Ali Moradabadi
- Kaki - Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar
- Mir - Mir Taqi Mir, Mir Muhammad Taqi
- Zafar - Bahadur Shah Zafar, Bahadur Shah II
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ A Brief History of Persian Literature, by the Iran Chamber Society.
- ^ "Pseudonym, or takhallus, in Urdu: some interesting facts".
- ^ "तख़ल्लुस". Sufinama. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ^ Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000). Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. p. 198.
- ^ a b "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
- ^ Tamīmʹdārī, Aḥmad (2002). The Book of Iran: A History of Persian Literature : Schools, Periods, Styles and Literary Genres. Alhoda UK. p. 169. ISBN 978-964-472-366-7.