Transmembrane protein 171 (TMEM171) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM171 gene.[5]
TMEM171 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aliases | TMEM171, PRP2, transmembrane protein 171 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External IDs | MGI: 2685751; HomoloGene: 18301; GeneCards: TMEM171; OMA:TMEM171 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene
editGeneral properties
editTMEM171 is also known as PRP2 or proline-rich protein 2. It has 11,526 base pairs and 4 exons and is located on the long arm of chromosome 5, at 5q13.2, in humans.[6] It spans from 73,120,292 to 73,131,817 on the plus strand. It is flanked by FCHO2 and TNPO1 upstream and TMEM174 downstream.[6]
Promoter
editThe predicted promoter region (GXP_7598) is 2034 base pairs long and extends past the first exon of TMEM171.[7] Transcription factors predicted to bind to the promoter region include p63 tumor protein, CCCTC binding factors, TATA binding factors, and thyroid hormone receptors.[8]
Expression
editTMEM171 is moderately and differentially expressed, indicating that it is neither a housekeeping gene nor a tissue-enriched gene.[9][10] Its expression is highest in the thyroid, mammary gland, stomach, duodenum, and kidney. It is also expressed at moderate levels in tissues including the spleen, ileum, colon, salivary gland, and expressed at lower levels in a variety of other tissues.[11] Conditional expression patterns of TMEM171 include decreased expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma, colon cancer, and gastric cancer, as well as increased expression in p63-depleted tissue and induced alveolar macrophages.[12][13][14][15][16]
mRNA
editTMEM171 has isoforms 1, 2, and X1, with 4 exons each.[5] The 3 transcripts undergo alternate in-frame splicing and are translated into proteins with 324, 323, and 305 amino acids, respectively.[17][18][19]
RNA-binding proteins
editThe 5' untranslated region has predicted sites for binding by SFRS1 and SFRS9 splicing factors and FUS, which couples transcription and splicing. The 3' untranslated region has predicted sites for binding by ELAVL1 and ZFP36, which both bind AU rich elements and may compete to stabilize or destabilize the mRNA.[20]
Protein
editGeneral properties
editThe longest protein isoform of TMEM171 is 324 amino acids in length and has an observed molecular weight of approximately 44 kDa.[17][21] TMEM171 is an acidic protein overall, with a predicted isoelectric point of approximately 5.[22]
Composition
editTMEM171 has fewer lysine residues than expected for a human protein.[23] Despite the fact that its alias is proline-rich protein 2, TMEM171 in humans does not have more proline residues than expected; however it does have a multiplet of 6 proline residues. More distant orthologs, including Xenopus tropicalis, do have significantly more proline residues than expected. TMEM171 has 3 hydrophobic segments, which correspond with transmembrane regions.[23]
Domains and motifs
editTMEM171 has a conserved domain, pfam15471 (aa4:318), whose structure and function are not yet characterized.[5] Within the domain, there are 4 transmembrane domains, 2 non-cytosolic domains, and 3 cytosolic domains.
Structure
editThe structure of TMEM171 consists of approximately 25% beta strands and 15% alpha helices, with coils and disordered regions making up the rest of the structure.[24] The tertiary structure includes 2 predicted disulfide bridges, which occur between highly conserved cysteine residues in the non-cytosolic domains.[25]
Post-translational modifications
editTMEM171 undergoes methionine cleavage and N-terminal acetylation, which is one of the most common modifications of eukaryotic proteins.[28] N-linked glycosylation is predicted at a highly conserved NETD sequence within a non-cytosolic domain.[29] S-palmitoylation, which enhances surface hydrophobicity and membrane affinity, is predicted at 2 cytosolic cysteine residues in TMEM171.[30] TMEM171 is phosphorylated by unspecified kinases at several sites.[31] It also undergoes O-ß-GlcNAc modification at 4 sites, 3 of which are Yin-Yang sites due to O-ß-GlcNAc modification and phosphorylation competing for control of protein activation or deactivation.[32]
Localization
editTMEM171's predicted location is in the plasma membrane, with both the N- and C-termini located inside the cell.[33][34]
Interacting proteins
editThe proteins that are most likely to interact with TMEM171, based on affinity chromatography and two hybrid arrays, are MIER1, EMSY, CHPT1, HDLBP, NEDD4, WWOX, and TTHY3.[35] There is strong evidence for a direct interaction between TMEM171 an MIER1, which is a transcriptional repressor that is associated with central hypothyroidism.[36]
Clinical significance
editTMEM171 is down-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma and two SNPs, with the non-synonymous mutations R86G and N139K, are identified risk SNPs for papillary thyroid carcinoma.[37][38][39] TMEM171 is also down-regulated in gastric cancer and colon cancer.[13][14] More specifically, it is down-regulated in right-sided colon cancer relative to left-sided colon cancer, which typically has a better prognosis.[40] In renal cancer, high expression of TMEM171 is a favorable prognostic marker.[41] In triple-negative breast cancer cells, immuno-activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was found to up-regulate TMEM171.[42]
Evolution
editTMEM171 has signatures of balancing selection, which include a significant excess of polymorphisms and intermediate-frequency alleles.[43]
Homology
editTMEM171 has no paralogs or paralogous domains. TMEM171 has 208 identified orthologs.[5] All orthologs are vertebrates, including mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, lobe-finned fish, and cartilaginous fish. The following table provides a sample of the ortholog space of TMEM171.
Genus and Species | NCBI Accession Number | Date of Divergence (MYA)[44] | Sequence Length | Sequence Identity[45] |
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Homo sapiens (Human) | NP_775761.4 | 0 | 324 | 100% |
Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) | XP_009447304.1 | 6 | 324 | 99% |
Saimiri boliveiensis (Black-capped squirrel monkey) | XP_010334830.1 | 42.6 | 324 | 91% |
Mus musculus (Mouse) | XP_006517772.1 | 88 | 323 | 75% |
Myotis lucifugus (Little brown bat) | XP_006081400.1 | 94 | 325 | 82% |
Vulpes vulpes (Fox) | XP_025838976.1 | 94 | 321 | 73% |
Chrysochloris asiatica (Cape golden mole) | XP_006875335.1 | 102 | 326 | 73% |
Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil) | XP_003759514.1 | 160 | 332 | 67% |
Empidonax traillii (Willow flycatcher) | XP_027739189.1 | 320 | 333 | 52% |
Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) | XP_027302666.1 | 320 | 330 | 47% |
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) | XP_012815192.1 | 353 | 332 | 54% |
Rhincodon typus (Whale shark) | XP_020374629.1 | 465 | 311 | 36% |
Callorhinchus milii (Australian ghost shark; Elephant fish) | XP_007898003.1 | 465 | 293 | 31% |
References
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- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052485 – Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c d National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Transmembrane Protein 171". NCBI Gene.
- ^ a b Weizmann Institute of Science. "TMEM171 Gene". Gene Cards Human Gene Database.
- ^ Intrexon Bioinformatics Germany GmbH. "El Dorado: Genome Annotation and Browser". Genomatix Software Suite.
- ^ Intrexon Bioinformatics Germany GmbH. "MatInspector". Genomatix Software Suite.
- ^ She X, Rohl CA, Castle JC, Kulkarni AV, Johnson JM, Chen R (June 2009). "Definition, conservation and epigenetics of housekeeping and tissue-enriched genes". BMC Genomics. 10 (1): 269. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-269. PMC 2706266. PMID 19534766.
- ^ Dezso Z, Nikolsky Y, Sviridov E, Shi W, Serebriyskaya T, Dosymbekov D, et al. (November 2008). "A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression". BMC Biology. 6 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-49. PMC 2645369. PMID 19014478.
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). "GDS3834 Profile". Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Profiles.
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- ^ a b Hao S, Lv J, Yang Q, Wang A, Li Z, Guo Y, Zhang G (April 2019). "Identification of Key Genes and Circular RNAs in Human Gastric Cancer". Medical Science Monitor. 25: 2488–2504. doi:10.12659/MSM.915382. PMC 6463957. PMID 30948703.
- ^ a b Yang, Wanli; Ma, Jiaojiao; Zhou, Wei; Li, Zichao; Zhou, Xin; Cao, Bo; Zhang, Yujie; Liu, Jinqiang; Yang, Zhiping (2018-12-27). "Identification of hub genes and outcome in colon cancer based on bioinformatics analysis". Cancer Management and Research. 11: 323–338. doi:10.2147/cmar.s173240. PMC 6312054. PMID 30643458.
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- ^ a b National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Transmembrane protein 171 isoform 1". NCBI Protein.
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Transmembrane Protein 171 isoform 2". NCBI Protein.
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information. "Transmembrane protein 171 isoform X1". NCBI Protein.
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- ^ "Anti-TMEM171 Antibody". Sigma-Aldrich.
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- ^ Weizmann Institute of Science. "MIER1Gene". Gene Cards.
- ^ Zhao H, Li H (June 2018). "Network-based meta-analysis in the identification of biomarkers for papillary thyroid cancer". Gene. 661: 160–168. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.096. PMID 29625265. S2CID 4647235.
- ^ Nikolova DN, Zembutsu H, Sechanov T, Vidinov K, Kee LS, Ivanova R, et al. (July 2008). "Genome-wide gene expression profiles of thyroid carcinoma: Identification of molecular targets for treatment of thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Reports. 20 (1): 105–21. doi:10.3892/or.20.1.105. PMID 18575725.
- ^ Qiu J, Zhang W, Xia Q, Liu F, Zhao S, Zhang K, et al. (November 2017). "Investigating the mechanisms of papillary thyroid carcinoma using transcriptome analysis". Molecular Medicine Reports. 16 (5): 5954–5964. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7346. PMC 5865774. PMID 28849102.
- ^ Su C, Zhao J, Hong X, Yang S, Jiang Y, Hou J (November 2019). "Microarray‑based analysis of COL11A1 and TWIST1 as important differentially‑expressed pathogenic genes between left and right‑sided colon cancer". Molecular Medicine Reports. 20 (5): 4202–4214. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10667. PMC 6797952. PMID 31545476.
- ^ "Expression of TMEM171 in renal cancer - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
- ^ Bauer D, Mazzio E, Soliman KF (2019). "Whole Transcriptomic Analysis of Apigenin on TNFα Immuno-activated MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells". Cancer Genomics & Proteomics. 16 (6): 421–431. doi:10.21873/cgp.20146. PMC 6885362. PMID 31659097.
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