Surveying in Australia is triangulation-based and shares many similarities with the United Kingdom, including the title deed system. However, a distinctive feature of surveying in Australia is the Torrens System, where real estate records are held in a central deposit and guaranteed by the state.
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History
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Indigenous Australians created constellations in the night sky that related to the geography of the land and used these 'maps' for navigation.[2] Dutch explorers, in 1606, made the first recorded European sightings and first recorded landfalls of the Australian mainland.[3] The first accurate drawn maps of Australia were compiled during the voyages of Captain Cook. Cook's experience in creating nautical charts of the eastern seaboard of Canada was an important factor in his appointment as captain of the voyage observing the transit of Venus. As he sailed the coastlines, he charted the bays and coastlines.
Early exploration
editEarly surveying efforts concentrated on finding suitable town sites. Many towns in Australia were established by dividing a suitable site into small plots of land that were sold to English residents who then emigrated. Other exploration expeditions were made to the interior in an attempt to find fertile land.[4]
New South Wales
editThe first attempts to regulate surveying in New South Wales was in 1836. In 1876, use of the circumferentor was prohibited. The theodolite supplanted it as a more accurate measurer of angles.[5] The Torrens system was introduced in 1862 by the Real Property Act.[6] The previous system of registering deeds is now known as the "old system".
Survey system of Australia
editInitially surveys were conducted using magnetic bearings. Later measurements were made on county arbitrary meridians, where surveys in each county were based on an initial point determined by government surveyors.
In 1837, Colonel William Light, first Surveyor-General of South Australia adapted maritime navigation techniques for determining a ship's position at sea (co-ordinates of latitude and longitude) to define property boundaries, and thereby devised and implemented the world's first co-ordinated cadastre, employing a Trigometrical Survey of the District of Adelaide (Adelaide Plains) four times more accurate than the contemporary British Ordnance Survey.
In 1966, the first nationwide system, the Australian geodetic datum (AGD) was established.[7]
Most states appointed surveyors-general early in their history. These officials were responsible for setting up reliable systems to record land purchases and claims. The current Australian survey system is the geocentric datum of Australia, established in 1994.[8] It was adopted nationally on 1 January 2000.[9] Surveying is regulated at a federal level by Geoscience Australia.[10]
Finding a site for the capital
editMelbourne–Sydney rivalry led to division in the late 1800s on where the capital city should be sited.[11] After an extensive search, the present site, about 300 kilometres south-west of Sydney, in the foothills of the Australian Alps, was chosen in 1908 as a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener in that year.[12][13][14]
Professional associations
editSurveying in Australia is still highly differentiated between the states. A fully qualified surveyor in Western Australia, for example, is known as a licensed surveyor. The title is administered by the Land Surveyors Licensing Board of Western Australia.
- The Association of Consulting Surveyors (ACS)
- The Surveying & Spatial Sciences Institute (SSSI)
- The Institution of Surveyors NSW Inc
- The Institution of Surveyors Victoria
- Western Australian Institution of Surveyors
- Queensland Spatial & Surveying Association
- Surveyors Board of South Australia.
- The Australian Institute of Mine Surveyors
- Australasian Institute of Marine Surveyors
- The Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM)
See also
editSurveyors-general
editReferences
edit- ^ "First map of Australia from Nicholas Vallard's atlas, 1547, in the Library of Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. at Middle Hill, 1856". Antique Print & Map Room. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Fuller, Robert S. (6 April 2016). "How ancient Aboriginal star maps have shaped Australia's highway network". The Conversation. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "European discovery and the colonisation of Australia — European mariners". Government of Australia. 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ Tweedie, Graham. "A Tribute to Surveyors / Explorers of 19th century Australia" (PDF). FIG. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ Smith, E. "A Brief History Of Surveying In NSW". Doherty Smith & Associates. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ Riley, Carole. "Land Ownership Timeline in New South Wales".
- ^ "Geodetic Datum". Department of Natural Resources And Mines. Queensland Government. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA)". Geoscience Australia. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^ "ICSM - GDA94". ICSM. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Our History". Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ Australia, National Archives of. "Selecting the site for the nation's capital". guides.naa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ^ National Archives of Australia – Seat of Government Act 1908 (Cth) Archived 17 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PositionTitle=Manager; SectionName=Communications and Government Services; CorporateName=Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate. "Border survey history". www.planning.act.gov.au. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Allen, Craig (11 April 2016). "How were the ACT's boundaries determined?". ABC News. Retrieved 7 February 2019.