The history of Suriname during World War II was mainly focused on protecting the bauxite industry and guarding the borders with French Guiana which was part of Vichy France. From November 1941 onwards, 2,000 American troops were stationed in Suriname who transformed Airstrip Zanderij into a major airport, and constructed defensive works. No actual battles took place in Suriname. There was a political crisis in 1943, because Governor Johannes Kielstra used the state of emergency to imprison political opponents.
History
editSuriname was a colony of the Netherlands in 1940. At the start of the Battle of the Netherlands, it was defended by 200 soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) and 180 local volunteers of the Schutterij. Troops from the Schutterij were not allowed to be used outside of Suriname.[1] On 5 September 1939, Goslar, a German steamship, asked for asylum in Suriname. On 10 May 1940, she was scuttled by her crew, and her wreck is still visible in the Suriname River.[2]
Suriname was a major producer of bauxite which is used to make aluminium, a vital resource for the aircraft industry. Between 1940 and 1943, Suriname supplied 65% of American imports of bauxite.[3] About 90% of all aluminium was used for military purposes.[4] On 1 September 1941, three months before Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made an offer to Queen Wilhelmina to station 3,000 soldiers in Suriname.[3] The number of troops was later revised to 2,000 soldiers and they were placed under the command of the KNIL. The Netherlands would be responsible for the financial costs.[1] Attempts were made to expand the Schutterij, and at its height it comprised 5,000 volunteers.[5]: 92
The American soldiers started to arrive from November 1941 onwards.[1] In December 1941, the troops started to transform Airstrip Zanderij into the largest airport of South America at the time.[6] The airport was constructed to protect ships and factories against U-boat attacks.[7] On 16 February 1942, U-156 destroyed two oil tankers near Aruba, and then emerged to attack Lago Oil and Transport Company, the world's largest oil refinery. The crew forgot to remove the plug of the cannon, and the cannon exploded.[8] In June 1942, about 22 per cent of the bauxite fleet had been destroyed in the Caribbean.[9]
Another large airport near the border with Brazil was initially planned,[6] however in February 1942, a mutual defence treaty was signed between the United States, Brazil, and Suriname.[10]
The border with French Guiana, part of Vichy France, was a major concern, and was defended by the Schutterij.[1] On 16 March 1943,[11] French Guiana sided with Free France.[12] In 1943, the American troops were replaced by Puerto Ricans.[1]
Political events
editOn 6 December 1942, Queen Wilhelmina made a speech about the necessity of a re-evaluation of the relationship with the colonies. Even though the speech was intended to keep Indonesia within the Kingdom, it was well received in Suriname, and would lead to the 1954 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands in which Suriname became a constituent country within the Kingdom.[13]
Governor Johannes Kielstra used the state of emergency to increase his power and circumvent the Estates of Suriname.[14]: 160 In 1943, he would use his increased authority against political opponents like Eddy Bruma and Otto Huiswoud who were arrested and imprisoned without trial.[15][16] On 23 July,[17] Wim Bos Verschuur, a member of the Estates, petitioned Queen Wilhelmina to remove Kielstra from office. On 30 July, Verschuur was arrested and interned without trial.[14]: 162 Subsequently, all elected members of the Estates handed in their resignation.[18] On 28 December,[17] Kielstra was given an honourable discharge by the Dutch government-in-exile.[19]
Internment
editOn the morning of 10 May 1940, 73 German men and a handful of anti-colonial activists were detained. An additional nine German men, 45 women, and 35 children were later arrested without regard for their political disposition.[5]: 92 They were interned at Copieweg internment camp.[20] In 1942, political prisoners from the Dutch East Indies were interned at Jodensavanne internment camp near the abandoned Jewish colony.[21] In 1942, known prostitutes were interned at Katwijk plantation. They were released in 1944.[7]
Jewish immigration
editThere was traditionally a large Jewish presence in Suriname.[22] In 1942, a group of 1,000 French Jews who had fled to Portugal were given permission to settle in Suriname. Later more would follow.[7] At the 2012 census, only 181 people identified as Jewish.[23]
Volunteers
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There was support for the war effort among the Surinamese, but most were ambivalent about volunteering for armed service.[5]: 92, 94 There were about 400 volunteers who wanted to fight with Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade in Great-Britain, however ethnic concerns and the relationship of the Dutch government-in-exile with South Africa and the enlistment of Dutch South Africans led the army to abandon the plan in 1941.[24][5]: 94 Nevertheless, 15 volunteers from Suriname participated in the Normandy landings.[24] Approximately 200 Surinamese served in the merchant navy.[5]: 94
About 450–500 volunteers enlisted with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) upon the fall of Singapore and the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies, now modern day Indonesia. Initially they were transported in 1942 to Casino, NSW, Australia. At Camp Victory, which was given with extraterritorial rights to the Dutch government-in-exile, formed as part of the 1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL). The soldiers were very poorly treated by their Dutch commanders, with being denied medical care, social services and only paid in virtually worthless Japanese Invasion Money. They were also forbidden to visit the town of Casino and not to mix with the local population, due to the racist ideology of their Dutch officers.[25] After their training was complete, they were then moved north to Queensland before participating in the Pacific War in 1944 and 1945.
Legacy
editEven though no actual battles took place in Suriname, it revitalised the economy of the colony.[26] The international airport and roads further helped develop the economy. During World War II, two bauxite factories opened in Paranam and Onverdacht.[7] In 1941, Suriname had a government budget surplus for the first time in 75 years which would remain positive throughout the war.[26]: 137 By the end of the war, bauxite production contributed one third of the country's gross domestic product.[5]: 92 The de facto independence during the war set in motion a movement for democratisation and autonomy which would finally lead to independence in 1975.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e "Tweede wereldoorlog". TRIS Online (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Goslar". Don Sandro (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Het Prinses Irene detachement in Suriname". Parbode (in Dutch). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Mimi Sheller. "The Uneasy Alliance Between Aluminum and Warfare". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Hoefte, R. (2013). Suriname in the Long Twentieth Century : Domination, Contestation, Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 9781137360120.
- ^ a b "Aanleg vliegveld in Suriname". Algemeen Handelsblad (in Dutch). 2 December 1941. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Suriname in de Tweede Wereldoorlog". Werkgroep Caraibische Letteren (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "U-BOAT 156". Lago Colony. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engelman and Byron Fairchild (2000). "The Caribbean in Wartime". History of the United States Army. p. 423. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "De verdediging van Suriname". Nieuwe Vlaardingsche courant (in Dutch). 18 February 1942. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Donet-Vincent, Danielle (2001). "Les "bagnes" des Indochinois en Guyane (1931-1963)". Persée. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). p. 220.
- ^ Thabouillot, Gérard (2011). "Être chef de poste en Inini (1930-1969)". Persée. Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire (in French). p. 48. ISSN 2275-4954.
- ^ Maurice Blessing (October 2013). "Wilhemina preekt de revolutie" (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b Johan Ferrier (1995). "De Unie Suriname". OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ "BRUMA, Eddy Johan". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Otto Eduard Gerardus Majella Huiswoud". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Museumstof 74: Wim Bos Verschuur, de sika in de pels van Kielstra". Surinaams Museum (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ E. van Laar. "Kielstra, Johannes Coenraad (1878-1951)". Biographical Dictionary of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ "Mr. J.C. Kielstra". Parliament of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Interneringskamp Copieweg" (in Dutch). Network of War Collections. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Christine F. Samsom. "Strafkolonie Jodensavanne". Werkgroep Caraibische Letteren (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "The Arrival of Jewish Settlers". Suriname Jewish Community. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Definitieve Resultaten Achtste Algemene Volkstelling" (PDF). Statistics Suriname (in Dutch). 2012. p. 39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Rekruten uit Suriname". Prinses Irene Brigade (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ van Teeseling, Ingeborg. "The Dutch in charge of Casino - Eighty years of Dutch-Australian diplomatic relations". Australia Explained. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b Hans Ramsoedh (1995). "Rumcola en Yankee-dollars". OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2022.
