Sultan Êzîd (or sometimes Êzî or Siltan Êzîd) is a divine figure in the Yazidi religion.[1] Although many scholars consider his name to be derived from that of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I, Yazidis consider him to be a separate figure unconnected to the historical Yazid I.[2] Yazidis typically consider him to be part of a triad of divine emanations of God (which are, in order, Melek Tawus, Sheikh Adi, and Sultan Ezid),[3] though he is sometimes also considered to be identical with the angel Melek Tawus, and thus a manifestation or emanation of God.[4]
Sultan Ezid | |
|---|---|
Sultan Êzîd | |
| Other names | Sultan Êzî |
The Yazidi people and religion are named after him.
Origin edit
Most modern historians hold that the name Ezid derives from the name of Caliph Yazid I.[5] In Yazidi religious lore, there is no trace of any link between Sultan Ezid and the second Umayyad caliph.[6] A pro-Umayyad movement particularly sympathetic towards Yazid existed in the Kurdish mountains before the 12th century, when Shaykh Adi,[7] a Sufi of Umayyad descent venerated by Yazidis to this day,[8] settled there and attracted a following among the adherents of the movement. The name Yazidi seems to have been applied to the group because of his Umayyad origins.[7]
Shrines edit
Yazidis also consider Melek Tawus's shrine at Lalish to be identical with that of Sultan Ezid's, since the two figures are often held to be identical.[4]
Holidays edit
The Feast of Ezid commemorates him.[9][10][11]
References edit
- ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip (2005). God and Sheikh Adi are perfect: sacred poems and religious narratives from the Yezidi tradition. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05300-6. OCLC 63127403.
- ^ Asatrian & Arakelova 2016, p. 49.
- ^ Asatrian & Arakelova 2016, p. 45.
- ^ a b Kreyenbroek, Philip (1995). Yezidism: its background, observances, and textual tradition. Lewiston NY: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-9004-3. OCLC 31377794.
- ^ Kreyenbroek 2002, p. 313.
- ^ Asatrian & Arakelova 2016, p. 386.
- ^ a b Kreyenbroek 2002, p. 314.
- ^ Langer 2010, p. 394.
- ^ Admin. "Fest zu Ehren des Siltan Ezid". SJA - DE (in German). Retrieved 2021-06-15.
- ^ Hayrî Demir. 2009. Eyda Ezid. (in German)
- ^ Maisel, Sebastian (2016-12-24). Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7775-4.
Sources edit
- Asatrian, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (2016). "On the Shi'a Constituent in the Yezidi Religious Lore". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (3–4): 385–395. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20160308. JSTOR 44631094.
- Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2002). "Yazīdī". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 313–316. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
- Langer, Robert (2010). "Yezidism between Scholarly Literature and Actual Practice: From 'Heterodox' Islam and 'Syncretism' to the Formation of a Transnational Yezidi 'Orthodoxy'". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 37 (3): 393–403. doi:10.1080/13530194.2010.524441. JSTOR 23077034. S2CID 145061694.