The Stoner criterion is a condition to be fulfilled for the ferromagnetic order to arise in a simplified model of a solid. It is named after Edmund Clifton Stoner.

Stoner model of ferromagnetism

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A schematic band structure for the Stoner model of ferromagnetism. An exchange interaction has split the energy of states with different spins, and states near the Fermi energy EF are spin-polarized.

Ferromagnetism ultimately stems from Pauli exclusion. The simplified model of a solid which is nowadays usually called the Stoner model, can be formulated in terms of dispersion relations for spin up and spin down electrons,

 

where the second term accounts for the exchange energy,   is the Stoner parameter,   ( ) is the dimensionless density[note 1] of spin up (down) electrons and   is the dispersion relation of spinless electrons where the electron-electron interaction is disregarded. If   is fixed,   can be used to calculate the total energy of the system as a function of its polarization  . If the lowest total energy is found for  , the system prefers to remain paramagnetic but for larger values of  , polarized ground states occur. It can be shown that for

 

the   state will spontaneously pass into a polarized one. This is the Stoner criterion, expressed in terms of the   density of states[note 1] at the Fermi energy  .

A non-zero   state may be favoured over   even before the Stoner criterion is fulfilled.

Relationship to the Hubbard model

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The Stoner model can be obtained from the Hubbard model by applying the mean-field approximation. The particle density operators are written as their mean value   plus fluctuation   and the product of spin-up and spin-down fluctuations is neglected. We obtain[note 1]

 

With the third term included, which was omitted in the definition above, we arrive at the better-known form of the Stoner criterion

 

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Having a lattice model in mind,   is the number of lattice sites and   is the number of spin-up electrons in the whole system. The density of states has the units of inverse energy. On a finite lattice,   is replaced by discrete levels   and then  .

References

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  • Stephen Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter (Oxford Master Series in Physics).
  • Teodorescu, C. M.; Lungu, G. A. (November 2008). "Band ferromagnetism in systems of variable dimensionality". Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 10 (11): 3058–3068. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  • Stoner, Edmund Clifton (April 1938). "Collective electron ferromagnetism". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 165 (922): 372–414. Bibcode:1938RSPSA.165..372S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1938.0066.