In Greek mythology, Stheno (/ˈsθn, ˈsθɛn/; Ancient Greek: Σθενώ, romanizedSthenṓ, lit.'forceful')[2] and Euryale (/jʊəˈrəli/ yuu-RY-ə-lee; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυάλη, romanizedEuryálē, lit.'far-roaming')[3] were two of the three Gorgons, along with Medusa, sisters who were able to turn anyone who looked at them to stone.[4] When Perseus beheaded Medusa, the two Gorgons pursued him but were unable to catch him.

The Gorgons Stheno and Euryale chasing Pursues; Attic black-figure lekythos, Cabinet des Medailles 277 (550–500 BC)[1]

Family

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According to Hesiod, and Apollodorus, Stheno and Euryale, along with Medusa, were daughters of the primordial sea-god Phorcys and the sea-monster Ceto,[5] while, according to Hyginus, they were daughters of "the Gorgon", an offspring of Typhon and Echidna, and Ceto.[6]

Mythology

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Two views of the same vase. Above: a headless Medusa on the left, with Stheno and Euryale running right. Below: the continuation of the scene showing Perseus running right. Dinos of the Gorgon Painter Louvre E874 (early sixth century BC)[7]

The Gorgons Stheno and Euryale were immortal, whereas their Gorgon sister Medusa was mortal.[8] The only story involving them is their pursuit of Perseus after he has beheaded Medusa. The Hesiodic Shield of Heracles (c. late seventh–mid sixth century BC) describes the two Gorgons' pursuit of Perseus, as depicted on Heracle's shield:

Perseus himself, Danae’s son, was outstretched, and he looked as though he were hastening and shuddering. The Gorgons, dreadful and unspeakable, were rushing after him, eager to catch him; as they ran on the pallid adamant, the shield resounded sharply and piercingly with a loud noise. At their girdles, two serpents hung down, their heads arching forward; both of them were licking with their tongues, and they ground their teeth with strength, glaring savagely. Upon the terrible heads of the Gorgons rioted great Fear.[9]

While, the "great Fear" rioting upon the heads of the Gorgon, in the passage from the Shield quoted above, might possibly be a vague reference to hair made of snakes, the poet Pindar makes such a physical feature explicit, describing the two Gorgons, just like their sister Medusa, as having "horrible snakey hair" (ἀπλάτοις ὀφίων κεφαλαῖς).[10]

According to Apollodorus' version of their story, all three Gorgons had the ability to turn to stone anyone who looked upon them. And when Perseus managed to behead Medusa by looking at her reflection in his bronze shield, Stheno and Euryale chased after him, but were unable to see him because he was wearing Hades' cap, which made him invisible.[11]

Euryale's lamenting cry, while chasing Perseus, is noted in two sources. Pindar has Athena create the "many-voiced songs of flutes" to imitate the "shrill cry" of the "fast-moving jaws of Euryale".[12] While Nonnus, in his Dionysiaca, has the fleeing Perseus "listening for no trumpet but Euryale's bellowing".[13]

Iconography

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The typical archaic (c. 8th–5th century BC) depictions of Stheno and Euryale, show their head turned to face the viewer, sitting (seemingly without a neck) atop a running body in profile, with wings on its back and curl-topped boots. In later depictions the heads shrink in size with respect to their bodies, possess necks, and become less wild looking.[14]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Mack, p. 581, fig. 6; Beazley Archive 1102.
  2. ^ Bane, s.v. Stheno (or "mighty one").
  3. ^ Mayor, p. 433; Bane, s.v. Euryale (or "far-howling" and "wide-leaping"); Daly and Rangel, s.v. Euryale ("wide-stepping" or "Euryale may also mean 'the wide sea,' which would fit her role as a daughter of sea gods.").
  4. ^ Bremmer, s.v. Gorgo/Medusa; Gantz, p. 20; Grimal, s.v. Gorgons; Tripp, s.v. Gorgons; Daly and Rangel, s.v. Euryale.
  5. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 270–277; Apollodorus, 1.2.6, 2.4.2.
  6. ^ Tripp, s.v. Gorgons; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface 9, 35. Euripides, Ion 986–991, has "the Gorgon" being the offspring of Gaia, spawned by Gaia as an ally for her children the Giants in their war against the Olympian gods.
  7. ^ Gantz, p. 21; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, p. 313, no. 314; Perseus Louvre E 874 (Vase); Beazley Archive 300055; Digital LIMC 4022; LIMC IV-2, p. 185 (Gorgo, Gorgones 314).
  8. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 270–277; Apollodorus, 2.4.2.
  9. ^ The Shield of Heracles 229–237 (Most, pp. 18–21).
  10. ^ Gantz, p. 20; Pindar, Pythian 12.9.
  11. ^ Bremmer, s.v. Gorgo/Medusa (which calls Apollodorus' version "canonical"); Apollodorus, 2.4.2–3. See also Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound 798–800.
  12. ^ Gantz, p. 20; Pindar, Pythian 12.20.
  13. ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 25.58; see also Dionysiaca 13.77–78, 30.265–266.
  14. ^ Wilke, pp. 31–35; Krauskopf and Dahlinger, pp. 313–315, no. 312–334. For images see: LIMC IV-2, pp. 184–187 (Gorgo, Gorgones 312%ndash;331).

References

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