Stephen Wayne "Steve" Scherer (born January 5, 1964) is a Canadian scientist who currently serves as the Chief of Research at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and distinguished University Professor at the University of Toronto.[1] He obtained his PhD at the University of Toronto under Professor Lap-chee Tsui. Together they founded Canada's first human genome centre, the Centre for Applied Genomics (TCAG). He is a Senior Fellow of Massey College at the University of Toronto.[2] In 2014, he was named an esteemed Clarivate (previously Thomson Reuters) Citation laureate in Physiology or Medicine for the “Discovery of large-scale gene copy number variation and its association with specific diseases.”[3]
Stephen W. Scherer | |
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![]() April 2011 | |
Born | Stephen Wayne Scherer January 5, 1964 |
Alma mater | University of Waterloo (B.Sc.) University of Toronto (M.Sc., Ph.D.) |
Spouse |
Jo-Anne Herbrick (m. 2002) |
Children | 2 |
Background
editScherer was born in Windsor, Ontario, and attended Riverside High School. He played competitive hockey and baseball winning provincial and national championships.[4] He completed his Honours Science Degree at the University of Waterloo, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto.[5]
Research
editScherer has co-published over 700 scholarly papers and book chapters.[6] He has been on the Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher and World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds list (2015-2018).[7][8] His Google Scholar h-index=162; 129,284 citations.[9] In 2023, with Ronald D. Cohn and Ada Hamosh, he edited Thompson & Thompson Genetics and Genomics in Medicine, 9th Edition, Elsevier Publishers.[10]
Chromosome mapping
From 1988 to 2003 with Lap-Chee Tsui, Scherer led studies of human chromosome 7, in particular in the mapping phase of the Human Genome Project.[11][12][13] Through collaborative research, genes involved in holoprosencephaly,[14][15] renal carcinoma,[16] Williams syndrome,[17][18] sacral agenesis,[19] citrullinemia,[20] renal tubular acidosis[21] and many others were identified. His group also discovered the largest gene in the genome, which was later found to be involved in autism.[22] The sum of this work, including contributions from scientists worldwide and J. Craig Venter's Celera Genomics, generated the first published description of human chromosome 7.[23] In other chromosome studies with Berge Minassian, disease genes causing deadly forms of epilepsy were identified.[24][25][26]
Discovery of frequent gene copy number variation (CNV) events
Scherer's research contributed to the initial description of genome-wide copy number variations (CNVs) of genes, including defining CNV as a highly abundant form of human genetic variation.[27] Previous theory held that humans were 99.9% DNA identical with the small difference in variation almost entirely accounted for by some 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per genome.[28][29][30] Larger genomic CNV changes involving losses or gains of thousands or millions of nucleotides encompassing one or several genes were thought to be exceptionally rare, and almost always involved in disease.[31] Scherer's observations of frequent CNV events found in the genomes of all cells in every individual, co-published with Canadian-Korean scientist Charles Lee working at Harvard in 2004,[32] opened a new window for studies of natural genetic variation, evolution and disease. Scherer founded the Database of Genomic Variants, a public database utilized by clinical laboratories around the world to interpret CNV and structural variation data in diagnostics.[33] Scherer, Lee and collaborators led by Matthew Hurles at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, as well as scientists at the University of Tokyo and Affymetrix Corp then generated the first CNV maps of human DNA revealing the structural properties, mechanisms of formation, and population genetics of this previously unrecognized ubiquitous form of natural variation.[34][35] These studies were also the first to discover that CNVs number in the thousands per genome and encompass at least ten times more DNA letters than SNPs, revealing a 'dynamic patchwork' structure of chromosomes. These findings were further substantiated through work with J. Craig Venter's team,[36] which contributed to the completion of the first genome sequence of an individual.[37]
Autism-associated CNVs and genes
From 2003-2010, Scherer and collaborators went on to discover numerous disease-associated CNVs, and the corresponding disease-susceptibility genes in upwards of 10% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.[38][39][40] These discoveries have led to broadly available tests facilitating early diagnostic information for autism.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
Similar discoveries to those made in autism were also found in schizophrenia, intellectual disability and other brain disorders (with often the same genes/CNVs involved), thereby establishing a new paradigm to explain how complex human behavioral conditions can have a genetic (biological) basis. With Jacob Vorstman, Christian Schaaf and colleagues, Scherer developed the EAGLE (Evaluation of Autism Gene Link Evidence), which is a highly utilized resource in diagnostic testing for autism.[53]
Determining the genome architecture underlying autism
Scherer has led the Autism Speaks MSSNG project,[54] which uses whole genome sequencing to decode the DNA of thousands of families having a diagnosis of autism. The research underpinned the identification of >100 genes and CNVs involved in autism providing explanations of why autism has occurred for approximately 5-20% of families.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] These discoveries have enabled faster and more precise diagnoses, early intervention and genetic counselling and have led to the identification of new molecular pathways for the development of therapeutics.[62][63][64][65] In 2022, Scherer’s team published a comprehensive description of the genomic architecture in autism using the largest collection of whole genome sequencing data available to facilitate research studies in autism.[66]
Genome science, data and public policy infrastructure
Scherer co-founded the TCAG genome centre at SickKids in 1998. In 2015 with Marco Marra and Steven Jones at the University of British Columbia and Mark Lathrop at McGill University, the three major Canadian genome centres came together as CGEn, which serves as a Major Science Initiative of the Canada Foundation of Innovation.[67] For the 150th anniversary of Canada (2017), he started the CanSeq150 Project to sequence 150 genomes of species most relevant to Canada’s culture/environment/conservation; notable species completed include many of the “canadensis” members such as the Canadian beaver and Canadian wolverine.[68][69][70] Canseq 150 is now part of the Canadian Biogenome Project, an international effort aiming to sequence the genetic material for all complex life on earth.[71] CGEn also led the Covid-19 host genome sequencing project, which completed 10,000 Canadian genomes in April 2022.[72]
Scherer and colleagues launched the Personal Genome Project Canada in 2007, a resource of data that supports evaluation of whole genome sequencing in medicine and public health.[73][74] These experiences along Scherer’s advocacy with the Canadian Coalition for Genetic Fairness helped to establish Canada’s Genetic Non-Discrimination Act,[75] which passed into law on May 4, 2017. He is also Editor-in-Chief of the scientific journal npj Genomic Medicine, which was co-founded in 2016 with Dr. Magdalena Skipper the current Editor-in-Chief of Nature.[76]
Media and special presentations
editScherer’s discoveries have appeared in the Globe and Mail, New York Times, Washington Post, Playboy, The Independent, Time, Newsweek, Scientific American and many other periodicals. He has appeared on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), PBS Newshour, TVO Agenda, and other national TV, radio, and media, including Quirks and Quarks, explaining scientific discoveries.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] His research was featured in Roger Martin's book The Design of Business,[86] Bob Wright’s autobiography the Wright Stuff: from NBC to Autism Speaks,[87] Steve Silberman’s NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity,[88] amongst others. In 2013, he spoke at the Canadian Broadcast Glenn Gould Studio: ‘Cracking the Autism Enigma’,[89] and in 2015 was a special guest speaker at the United Nations, New York for World Autism Awareness Day.[90] He has been featured the Genome Giants series of interviews.[91] He served as the scientific consultant for two documentaries, the MediCinema Film creation Cracking the Code, the continuing saga of genetics,[92] and the Gemini Award-winning documentary, After Darwin by GalaFilms-Telefilm Canada.[93] He also hosts the SickKids Discovery Dialogues which takes attendees behind the scenes of research to discuss their research and the path to scientific discovery.[94]
Honours
edit- Canada's Top 40 under 40 Award (1999)[95]
- Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2002-2007)[96]
- Genetics Society of Canada Scientist Award (2002)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Explorer Award (2002)[97]
- Steacie Prize in the Natural Sciences (2003)[98]
- Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (2007)[99]
- Inaugural Distinguished Science Alumni Award-University of Waterloo (2007)[100]
- Premier’s Summit Award for Medical Research (2008)[101]
- Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (2011)[102]
- International Significant Sigma Chi Award (2011)[103]
- Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for unique contributions to Canada (2013)[104]
- Clarivate (previously Thomson-Reuters) Citation Laureate in Physiology or Medicine (2014) (2020)[105][106][107]
- Maclean's Magazine 50 Most Important People in Canada (2014)[108]
- Killam Prize in Health Sciences (2019)[109]
- Distinguished Fellow of the International Society for Autism Research (2021)[110]
- Northbridge Chair in Paediatric Research at SickKids and the University of Toronto[111]
- GlaxoSmithKline-CIHR Endowed Chair in Genetics and Genomics from SickKids and the University of Toronto[112]
Scherer holds three Honorary Doctorates from the University of Windsor (2001), the University of Waterloo (2017) and Western University (2018).[113][114][115][116]
References
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- ^ Stephen W. Scherer. The National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ Cohn, Ronald; Scherer, Stephen W.; Hamosh, Ada (2023). Genetics and Genomics in Medicine (9th ed.). Thompson & Thompson. ISBN 9780323547628.
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- ^ Schmidt, Laura; Duh, Fuh-Mei; Chen, Fan; Kishida, Takeshi; Glenn, Gladys; Choyke, Peter; Scherer, Stephen W.; Zhuang, Zhenping; Lubensky, Irina; Dean, Michael; Allikmets, Rando; Chidambaram, Abi; Bergerheim, Ulf R.; Feltis, J. Timothy; Casadevall, Carme (May 1, 1997). "Germline and somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas". Nature Genetics. 16 (1): 68–73. doi:10.1038/ng0597-68. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 9140397.
- ^ Osborne, Lucy R.; Li, Martin; Pober, Barbara; Chitayat, David; Bodurtha, Joann; Mandel, Ariane; Costa, Teresa; Grebe, Theresa; Cox, Sarah; Tsui, Lap-Chee; Scherer, Stephen W. (October 29, 2001). "A 1.5 million–base pair inversion polymorphism in families with Williams-Beuren syndrome". Nature Genetics. 29 (3): 321–325. doi:10.1038/ng753. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 2889916. PMID 11685205.
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- ^ Ross, Alison J.; Ruiz-Perez, Victor; Wang, Yiming; Hagan, Donna-Marie; Scherer, Steve; Lynch, Sally A.; Lindsay, Susan; Custard, Emily; Belloni, Elena; Wilson, David I.; Wadey, Roy; Goodman, Frances; Orstavik, Karen Helene; Monclair, Tom; Robson, Steve (December 1, 1998). "A homeobox gene, HLXB9, is the major locus for dominantly inherited sacral agenesis". Nature Genetics. 20 (4): 358–361. doi:10.1038/3828. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 9843207. S2CID 31062371.
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- ^ Canadian scientists discover giant gene. February 10th, 2001. Globe and Mail.
- ^ Scherer, Stephen W.; Cheung, Joseph; MacDonald, Jeffrey R.; Osborne, Lucy R.; Nakabayashi, Kazuhiko; Herbrick, Jo-Anne; Carson, Andrew R.; Parker-Katiraee, Layla; Skaug, Jennifer; Khaja, Razi; Zhang, Junjun; Hudek, Alexander K.; Li, Martin; Haddad, May; Duggan, Gavin E. (May 2, 2003). "Human Chromosome 7: DNA Sequence and Biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–772. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..767S. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2882961. PMID 12690205.
- ^ Minassian, Berge A.; Lee, Jeffrey R.; Herbrick, Jo-Anne; Huizenga, Jack; Soder, Sylvia; Mungall, Andrew J.; Dunham, Ian; Gardner, Rebecca; Fong, Chung-yan G.; Carpenter, Stirling; Jardim, Laura; Satishchandra, P.; Andermann, Eva; Snead, O. Carter; Lopes-Cendes, Iscia (October 1, 1998). "Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy". Nature Genetics. 20 (2): 171–174. doi:10.1038/2470. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 9771710. S2CID 8277795.
- ^ Chan, Elayne M.; Young, Edwin J.; Ianzano, Leonarda; Munteanu, Iulia; Zhao, Xiaochu; Christopoulos, Constantine C.; Avanzini, Giuliano; Elia, Maurizio; Ackerley, Cameron A.; Jovic, Nebojsa J.; Bohlega, Saeed; Andermann, Eva; Rouleau, Guy A.; Delgado-Escueta, Antonio V.; Minassian, Berge A. (September 7, 2003). "Mutations in NHLRC1 cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy". Nature Genetics. 35 (2): 125–127. doi:10.1038/ng1238. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 12958597. S2CID 32590557.
- ^ Gene hunters race against Lafora curse. September 27th, 2003. National Post
- ^ Iafrate, A. John; Feuk, Lars; Rivera, Miguel N.; Listewnik, Marc L.; Donahoe, Patricia K.; Qi, Ying; Scherer, Stephen W.; Lee, Charles (August 1, 2004). "Detection of large-scale variation in the human genome". Nature Genetics. 36 (9): 949–951. doi:10.1038/ng1416. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 15286789.
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- ^ Szatmari, Peter; Paterson, Andrew D; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie; Roberts, Wendy; Brian, Jessica; Liu, Xiao-Qing; Vincent, John B; Skaug, Jennifer L; Thompson, Ann P; Senman, Lili; Feuk, Lars; Qian, Cheng; Bryson, Susan E; Jones, Marshall B; Marshall, Christian R (February 18, 2007). "Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements". Nature Genetics. 39 (3): 319–328. doi:10.1038/ng1985. ISSN 1546-1718. PMC 4867008. PMID 17322880.
- ^ Marshall, Christian R.; Noor, Abdul; Vincent, John B.; Lionel, Anath C.; Feuk, Lars; Skaug, Jennifer; Shago, Mary; Moessner, Rainald; Pinto, Dalila; Ren, Yan; Thiruvahindrapduram, Bhooma; Fiebig, Andreas; Schreiber, Stefan; Friedman, Jan; Ketelaars, Cees E. J. (January 17, 2008). "Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (2): 477–488. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.009. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 2426913. PMID 18252227.
- ^ Pinto, Dalila; Pagnamenta, Alistair T.; Klei, Lambertus; Anney, Richard; Merico, Daniele; Regan, Regina; Conroy, Judith; Magalhaes, Tiago R.; Correia, Catarina; Abrahams, Brett S.; Almeida, Joana; Bacchelli, Elena; Bader, Gary D.; Bailey, Anthony J.; Baird, Gillian (July 9, 2010). "Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders". Nature. 466 (7304): 368–372. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..368P. doi:10.1038/nature09146. hdl:10400.18/214. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3021798. PMID 20531469.
- ^ Berkel, Simone; Marshall, Christian R.; Weiss, Birgit; Howe, Jennifer; Roeth, Ralph; Moog, Ute; Endris, Volker; Roberts, Wendy; Szatmari, Peter; Pinto, Dalila; Bonin, Michael; Riess, Angelika; Engels, Hartmut; Sprengel, Rolf; Scherer, Stephen W. (May 16, 2010). "Mutations in the SHANK2 synaptic scaffolding gene in autism spectrum disorder and mental retardation". Nature Genetics. 42 (6): 489–491. doi:10.1038/ng.589. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 20473310. S2CID 205356656.
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- ^ Jiang, Yong-hui; Yuen, Ryan K. C.; Jin, Xin; Wang, Mingbang; Chen, Nong; Wu, Xueli; Ju, Jia; Mei, Junpu; Shi, Yujian; He, Mingze; Wang, Guangbiao; Liang, Jieqin; Wang, Zhe; Cao, Dandan; Carter, Melissa T. (August 8, 2013). "Detection of clinically relevant genetic variants in autism spectrum disorder by whole-genome sequencing". American Journal of Human Genetics. 93 (2): 249–263. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.012. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 3738824. PMID 23849776.
- ^ Pinto, Dalila; Delaby, Elsa; Merico, Daniele; Barbosa, Mafalda; Merikangas, Alison; Klei, Lambertus; Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma; Xu, Xiao; Ziman, Robert; Wang, Zhuozhi; Vorstman, Jacob A. S.; Thompson, Ann; Regan, Regina; Pilorge, Marion; Pellecchia, Giovanna (May 1, 2014). "Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders". American Journal of Human Genetics. 94 (5): 677–694. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.018. ISSN 1537-6605. PMC 4067558. PMID 24768552.
- ^ Uddin, Mohammed; Tammimies, Kristiina; Pellecchia, Giovanna; Alipanahi, Babak; Hu, Pingzhao; Wang, Zhuozhi; Pinto, Dalila; Lau, Lynette; Nalpathamkalam, Thomas; Marshall, Christian R.; Blencowe, Benjamin J.; Frey, Brendan J.; Merico, Daniele; Yuen, Ryan K. C.; Scherer, Stephen W. (2014). "Brain-expressed exons under purifying selection are enriched for de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorder". Nature Genetics. 46 (7): 742–747. doi:10.1038/ng.2980. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 24859339. S2CID 12729162 – via PubMed.
- ^ Tammimies, Kristiina; Marshall, Christian R.; Walker, Susan; Kaur, Gaganjot; Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma; Lionel, Anath C.; Yuen, Ryan K. C.; Uddin, Mohammed; Roberts, Wendy; Weksberg, Rosanna; Woodbury-Smith, Marc; Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Wang, Zhuozhi; Wei, John (September 1, 2015). "Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis and Whole-Exome Sequencing in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder". JAMA. 314 (9): 895–903. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.10078. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 26325558.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Western Convocation - June 14, 2018 - Stephen Scherer, June 18, 2018, retrieved December 27, 2023